Welcome to BIOL 252 Human Anatomy and Physiology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRoSy1Hwouo Welcome to BIOL 252 Human Anatomy and Physiology Dr. Gidi Shemer bishemer@email.unc.edu http://www.bio.unc.edu/Courses/2011Fall/Biol252Sections456/ Office: Wilson Hall G41 Office hours: Mon and Wed 01:00-04:00 Labs Wilson 111, 212 My office Wilson G41 Departmental Advising http://www.bio.unc.edu/Faculty/Shemer/ Available courses Choosing the right course Career decisions Research opportunities Graduate school in Biology Resources at UNC BIT Biology Tutorial center Anatomy and Physiology ?? Anatomy : the study of structure Physiology : the study of function - The labs will mainly deal with Anatomy - Coordinated by Dr. Corey Johnson - Self-work with 3D models - Short assignment on Bb BEFORE the lab - Short quiz on the day of the lab - First lab: second week In the lectures…. Grading 25% x 3 exams = 75% lab exercises and exams = 25% (Participation in class?) Lectures are important No notes provided Use the ppt handouts Answer review questions THINK!!! Textbook Philip Tate How to study for this class Big picture (concepts) Details Big picture (how all the details work together) - Answer the review questions - Use the book and your friends to review the material - Make sure you do NOT memorize unnecessary details - Follow this pattern for each section (system/subsystem) Blackboard • • • • • • • You are ALL on section 004 Announcements Syllabus, schedule Power points Assigned readings Links Grades Registration -Sign-up sheet available up front - Those with relevant needs have priority 1. Major requirement – e.g. nursing 2. Otherwise: Seniors > Juniors > Sophomores - Being pre- (med, dental, vet, ophthalmology, etc.) does not constitute a priority Poll Everywhere • Answering my questions in the classroom via text messages/website • Multiple choice and free text • Follow the guidelines posted on the website and on Blackboard (use your Onyen email address) • Participation is mandatory What are we going to study this semster? Two key take home messages Two key take home messages 1) Function follows form Two key issue during the semester 1) Function follows form 2) The most important term in physiology Homeostasis WB Cannon How the varied components of living things adjust to maintain a constant internal environment that makes possible optimal functioning So we have a balanced state, but it is NOT static!! Homeostatic Imbalances = Diseases (e.g. diabetes) Levels of organization Cellular Chemical (Smooth muscle) Tissue (Blood vessel) Organismal Organ Organ system (Cardiovascular system) Our body systems The basic body systems - Integumentary system - Skeletal system - Muscular system Regulation - Nervous system - Endocrine system Maintenance - Cardiovascular system - Lymphatic system - Immune system - Respiratory system - Digestive system - Urinary system Continuity - Reproductive system Directional terms Planes of the body Frontal plane Sagittal plane mid/ para Transverse plane An organ is composed of different tissues Epithelial cells Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous system The Nervous System http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4uh2r1djWw The Nervous System - General organization - The basic units- the cells - Neurophysiology - Neural interactions Brain, Spinal cord, Neuronal pathways, Special senses The Human Nervous System The Central Nervous System (CNS) The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The Nervous System Monitors changes Processes and interprets Causes a response PNS CNS Central Nervous system sensory Peripheral Nervous system Sensory (Afferent) motor Motor (Efferent) Somatic Autonomic Neurons “The Mysterious Butterflies of the Soul” Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) “As the entomologist chasing butterflies of bright colors, my attention was seeking in the garden of gray matter, those cells of delicate and elegant forms, the mysterious butterflies of the soul, whose fluttering wings would someday—who knows?— enlighten the secret of mental life” Neurons “The Mysterious Butterflies of the Soul” Santiago Ramón y Cajal Nobel prize in physiology and medicine 1906 The neuron Most of our wiring is insulated Myelin sheath Myelin sheath • Whitish, fatty (protein-lipoid), segmented sheath around most long (NOT ALL) axons • It functions to: - Protect the axon - Electrically insulate fibers from one another - Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission Myelin sheath • Formed by Schwann cells in the PNS • A Schwann cell: - Envelopes an axon in a trough - Has concentric layers of membrane that make up the myelin sheath Axons are bundled together to form fascicles CNS: axon bundles form tracts PNS: axon bundles form nerves Neurons are not alone Neurons are not alone: The supporting neuroglia CNS Astrocytes - Support and brace neurons - Anchor neurons to their nutrient supplies - Guide migration of young neurons - Control the chemical environment Microglia The “Immune System” of the CNS - Small, ovoid cells with spiny processes - Turn into phagocytes upon inflammation (monitor the health of neurons, in the absence of macrophages, due to the BBB) Ependymal cells - Ciliated epithelial cells lining the central cavities of the brain and spinal column - Forming a permeable barrier between the CSF and nervous tissue - Beating cilia helps circulating the CSF CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) -Beating cilia helps circulating the CSF A Banizs et al. Development (2005) B Neurons are Not Alone: The supporting neuroglia CNS Oligodendrocytes - Insulators of the thick neurons of the CNS - A single oligodendrocyte can form myelin sheaths around several axons The supporting neuroglia in the CNS The supporting neuroglia in the PNS - Schwann cells surround and insulate axons (the “oligodendrocytes” of the PNS) - Satellite cells Support an nourish cell bodies (“astrocytes” of the PNS) Summary Central Nervous system sensory Peripheral Nervous system Sensory (Afferent) motor Motor (Efferent) Somatic (skin, skeletal muscle and joints) Visceral (internal organs) Somatic Autonomic Skeletal muscles Smooth and cardiac muscles; Glands Summary Not all neurons look like that