A Brief Introduction to Speech
Development, Procedures, and
Speaking

What is Student Congress?

Student Congress is a hybrid event that blends the use of public speaking skills used in Forensics competitions, the argumentation strategies from Debate events, and the ability to master procedural methods used by the United States
Congress.

What Does It Take to Succeed?

In order to be a successful in Student Congress, the competitor must be able to accomplish the following
(1) Speak Clearly and Persuasively
(2) Successfully Refute or Support the
Arguments of Other Competitors
(3) Actively Engage in the Process and
Procedures Used to Organize a Session

Developing Student
Congress Speeches

On What Topics Do Competitors Speak?

In student Congress competitors speak on a variety of Bills or Resolutions describing a particular course of action to be taken by the model congress.

The students are to approach the session as though the decisions made will become binding parts of
American governing policy.
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Students will either speak in favor of a particular Bill or Resolution, or will speak against this course of action.

Sample Resolution

Whereas, there are Americans who use guns for recreational sports such as hunting, target practice and professional shooting, and,
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Whereas, guns also provide in-home protection for
Americans, and,
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Whereas, there are thousands of home invasions each year in the United States and guns. can help people protect themselves and their families from these criminals, and,

Whereas, establishing gun control laws would encourage more people to break these7. laws, and,

Whereas, gun control laws would make criminals aware that families have no means to protect themselves,

Therefore, be it resolved, by this student congress here assembled, that all legislation promoting gun control laws be abolished.

Sample Bill

Given that the stimulus package enacted by the federal government has been largely successful in ending the recession; and

Since another stimulus would help increase spending by
American citizens and state governments; and

Since spending is necessary to avoid falling into another recession;

Therefore, this Congress ought to add one hundred and fifty billion dollars to the current stimulus plan to be distributed amongst all fifty states, ensuring increased spending.

Bill vs Resolution

A Resolution presents a very specific plan of action that must be described in detail in the wording of the resolution.

A Bill suggests a possible general idea for government action without going into detail as to how this action might look.

The A.R.E. Method to Speech Writing


A rgument!

A

Sample A rgument


R easoning!

R

Sample R easoning
Gun control laws lead to strict regulation of who can and who cannot buy guns.
Often those who seek to purchase a gun are those who would not pass the necessary background checks in order to purchase a gun.
As a result, these individuals seek back channel methods to purchase firearms.
In turn this helps to support criminal and dangerous groups in our society.

E vidence!

E

Sample E vidence
According to The Future of Freedom
Foundation in an article written May 23,
2010, black market gun sellers service
“over 2 million customers each year.”
Further the Cato Institute contends that the profits made by black market gun sellers leads to “further expansion of illegal gun and drug empires into struggling communities.”

Put it All Together!
My first point is that gun control laws lead to greater rates of black market gun sales. Gun control laws lead to strict regulation of who can and who cannot buy guns. Often those who seek to purchase a gun are those who would not pass the necessary background checks in order to purchase a gun. As a result, these individuals seek back channel methods to purchase firearms. In turn this helps to support criminal and dangerous groups in our society. According to The Future of Freedom
Foundation in an article written May 23, 2010, black market gun sellers service “over 2 million customers each year.” Further the Cato Institute contends that the profits made by black market gun sellers leads to
“further expansion of illegal gun and drug empires into struggling communities.” Without question the well-intentioned gun control laws have had an adverse effect on gun sales and safety in America.

A.R.E. Presented Graphically
Argument:
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Reasoning:
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Evidence:

Therefore A.R.E. x 3 Looks
Like:
Argument: Argument: Argument:
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Reasoning:
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Evidence:
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Reasoning:
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Evidence:
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Reasoning:
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Evidence:

A.R.E. Speech Outline Handout
Resolution / Bill Title: _________________
Position: Aff or Neg
Argument: Argument: Argument:
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Reasoning:
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Evidence:
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Reasoning:
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Evidence:
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Reasoning:
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Evidence:

Refuting or Supporting the
Arguments of Others

The 4-Steps to Refutation / Support
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Step 1 – “They say…”
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Briefly restate the point the speaker just made and the point you are about to answer.
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For example:
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“They say that gun control laws lead to increases in gun sales made through the black market”

Step 2 – “But…”

Make your counter assertion!
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For example:
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“But eliminating gun control laws would cause greater hikes in crime as almost anyone would be able to purchase firearms.”

Step 3 – “Because…”
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Offer reasoning and evidence to support your counter-assertion.

For example:
 “This is because it becomes easier to purchase firearms after laws are eliminated.
According to a Mayors Against Illegal Guns study, over half of the violent gun crimes in
America occurred with guns purchased legally from states with relaxed gun control laws”

Step 4 – “Therefore”
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Conclude your point by comparing you point to the point you’re answering.

For example:
 “Therefore while gun control laws may lead to greater sales in black markets, eliminating gun control laws all together would drastically increase violent crime even further.”

Put it All Together
They say that gun control laws lead to increases in gun sales made through the black market, but eliminating gun control laws would cause greater hikes in crime as almost anyone would be able to purchase firearms. This is because it becomes easier to purchase guns after laws are eliminated.
According to a Mayors Against Illegal Guns study, over half of the violent gun crimes in America occurred with guns purchased legally from states with relaxed gun control laws. Therefore while gun control laws may lead to greater sales in black markets, eliminating gun control laws all together would drastically increase violent crime even further

Outlining the 4-Step Plan
Refuting
1.
They say…
Supporting
1. They say…
2. but…
3. because…
4. Therefore…
2. and…
3. because…
4. Therefore…

Procedures for the Novice Competitor
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Beginning student congress competitors should consistently strive to take part in three key procedures used in all sessions:
(1) Make Motions
(2) Ask Questions
(3) Vote!

Motions
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A motion is a verbal cue presented by a member of the Student Congress in order to advance the flow of the debate in the session.

There are numerous motions used in every Student Congress session.

Three Motions for New Competitors
(1)
Move the Previous Question
(1)
Translation : by saying “I move the previous question” the student is saying
“Lets vote on whether to pass or fail this resolution!”
(2)
When to Use It : The student should “move the previous question” when it appears that debate on a resolution or bill is over or has become one-sided
(2)
Move to Lay on the Table
(1)
Translation
: by saying “I move to lay this resolution on the table” the student is saying “Lets put this aside and come back to it later!”
(2)
When to Use It: The student should use this motion when debate is not conclusive on the issue and there are other matters needing to be addressed.
(3)
Point of Information
(1)
Translation
: by saying “Point of Information…” the student is asking the chair person to clarify either a procedure or specific wording that the
Congress in taking into consideration.
(2) When to Use It: The student should request a point of information when an unclear step is being taken by the Congress.

Asking Questions

At numerous points in a Student Congress session, the speaker will need to respond to questions from the rest of the chamber.
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Your student should strive to ask poignant and pertinent questions related to the speech or the speaker’s position.
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These questions can be:
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Clarifying

Supportive
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Setting up an Argument

Sample Questions
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Clarifying Question
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Your bill recommends that we as a Congress vote to increase financial support of the Stimulus package, where would that capital come from?
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Supportive Question (Softball Question)
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In your speech you explain how the Stimulus package benefits the economy, do you think this would help those experiencing the greatest poverty?
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Setting Up an Argument (Hardball Question)
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You stated that in order to support the stimulus we can draw money from other domestic programs, how would this impact the effectiveness of those programs?
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(Then in your speech you hit them with the harms of their proposed plan!)

VOTE!
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At numerous points in the session, competitors will be asked to contribute to the flow of debate by voting on motions and resolutions.
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Students should always vote whenever it occurs in order to show their presence and participation in the session.
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Voting one way or another can also influence the course of debate in the remainder of the session.

Student Congress Mini-Session
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For the remainder of our time, we will participate in a sample Student Congress session. In this session I will play the role of the Presiding Officer and each of you will be active participants in the competition.
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The resolution we are going to discussion has the following Therefore clause:

“Therefore the United States military should withdraw its forces from Afghanistan and
Iraq, instead sending them to Darfur, Sudan as peacekeeping agents.”

Preparation
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In small groups of 3 or 4, use the ARE x 3 outline to develop either a speech in support (affirmation) of the resolution or in (negation) of the resolution.
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You won’t have evidence right now, so just focus on the
Arguments and your Reasoning
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In 10 minutes, we will begin our sample session with a speech in affirmation followed by a speech in negation.
There will be time for questioning after each speech.

A Resolution to Send Troops to Darfur

Whereas…

Therefore the United States military should withdraw its forces from
Afghanistan and Iraq, instead sending them to Darfur, Sudan as peacekeeping agents.

Congrats!

You just participated in the very activity your students would like to master!
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If you have any questions, comments, or for a copy of this presentation, contact me at:
 tomer.vandsburger@gmail.com

347 – 328 – 4773 (Cell)

Thank you for your time and your participation!