Dr. David B. Ross
Nova Southeastern University
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When to cite
Authors
References
Punctuation
Numbers
Seriation
Whenever you are referring to an idea that (a)
is not uniquely your own, or (b) one that has
been drawn from another source, you must
“cite” that idea as someone else’s. The most
common example is from a periodical or
book:
In order to transform their school culture in a
new direction, the learning community consisting of
teachers, staff, students and parents, must realize
the need for strong leadership (Reinhartz & Beach,
2004).
The order of the citation is important, and
should include, in parentheses, the authors’
name, a comma, and the year of publication:
In order to transform their school culture in a new direction,
the learning community consisting of teachers, staff, students
and parents, must realize the need for strong leadership
(Reinhartz & Beach, 2004).
Authors’ names
Year
Note* If you use the same author and year within the same
paragraph, you must repeat the author and year in
parentheses.
The citation follows the expression of the
idea; typically at the end of a sentence (an
exception would be when you express two or
more ideas in one sentence):
In order to transform their school culture in a new
direction, the learning community consisting of
teachers, staff, students and parents, must realize
the need for strong leadership (Reinhartz & Beach,
2004).
This is the citation
You must cite the particular book each time you draw from it;
not just the first time you use it in a text. You must cite the
author and year in every paragraph; however, once you cite
the author and year in that paragraph, the next time you do
not have to repeat the year, except as stated in the previous
slide when the author and year are in parentheses.
Kotter (2002) stated, “Management is about coping with
complexity. Leadership is about coping with change” (p. 36).
At the very least a school principal will need to be able to
calm their people and share what needs to be done during
change. Kotter informs us that school and business
leadership have fundamental things in common in terms of
challenges and solutions.
If your citation refers to a specific page or
pages, you should also include that in your
citation:
“One of the principal’s primary leadership tasks is to
guide the school faculty and students in the process
of accepting and maintaining high standards of
educational goal achievement” (Kimbrough & Burkett,
1990, p. 117).
Page number
Important: if you directly quote a text, you
must put the quote in quotation marks:
“One of the principal’s primary leadership tasks is to
guide the school faculty and students in the process
of accepting and maintaining high standards of
educational goal achievement” (Kimbrough & Burkett,
1990, p. 117).
Note the direct quote is from
the Kimbrough & Burkett source
Almost without exception, your in-text citation
should “connect” to an entry in your references list
toward the end of your paper. References list
formats are covered later:
“One of the principal’s primary leadership tasks is to
guide the school faculty and students in the process
of accepting and maintaining high standards of
educational goal achievement” (Kimbrough & Burkett,
1990, p. 117).
Kimbrough, R., & Burkett, C. W. (1990). The principalship: Concepts
and practices. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
You may also at times refer to the authors
without the parentheses, if it “flows” better
with your paper:
DuFour and Eaker (1992) found that “the
essential foundation of a school improvement
initiative must be recognition of the need to
invest in people, support people and develop
people” (p. 5).
Note the author is left out because it
was mentioned earlier in the sentence
Here is another example of not using
parentheses with author and year:
In 1992, DuFour and Eaker found that “the
essential foundation of a school improvement
initiative must be recognition of the need to
invest in people, support people and develop
people” (p. 5).
In this instance the author and the year are mentioned in the
sentence; the page number (specific to the idea/direct quote) is the
only citation listing.
Two or more authors:
Other doctoral dissertations found no
demographic differences in leadership (e.g.,
gender, educational level, years of administrative
experience) (Condren, 2002; Fagan, 2001; Green,
1999; Patterson, 2002; Taylor, 2002).
Make sure you separate authors with a semi-colon,
and list them alphabetical
As mentioned earlier, you might have two ideas
from two different sources (notice the placement of
the first citation after the first idea, then the
second citation after the idea):
Whether a person works for private corporations,
such as Southwest Airlines, Home Depot, or the St.
Petersburg Times (Harris, 1996; Maxwell, 1998), or
a school board (DuFour & Eaker, 1992), people want
to be treated in a professional manner while their
needs are not compromised.
2nd “idea”
What if your source does not have an author
listed anywhere? You will list the first few
words of the title of the work:
If a principal does not develop an understanding
of human nature, his or her employees will not
follow (Leadership in Action, 2005).
Title of source
Personal communications, such as e-mails,
interviews, phone interviews, etc. are cited within
your text, but they are NOT listed in the references
list:
A secondary school principal (G. McKee, personal
communication, June 12, 2003) stated he has a love for this
job and is proficient at interacting with students, teachers,
parents and the community.
Please notice the personal communication . . . this will NOT be
listed in the References page
What if your source does not have a publish
date listed anywhere? You will list the author,
and “n.d.” for “no date”
If a principal does not develop an understanding
of human nature, his or her employees will not
follow (Ross, n.d.).
n.d. = “no date”
Your book or periodical might have more than one
author. You must list both authors every time you draw
an idea from that particular source:
Reinhartz and Beach (2004) comment in order to
transform their school culture in a new direction, the
learning community consisting of teachers, staff, students
and parents, must realize the need for strong leadership.
***or***
In order to transform their school culture in a new
direction, the learning community consisting of teachers,
staff, students and parents, must realize the need for
strong leadership (Reinhartz & Beach, 2004).
If you have more than six authors, you cite two
different ways. The first time you cite the source, you
list all authors:
They need dedicated cooperation and involvement by
teachers, staff, parents and community to create a learning
environment (Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, Cave, Tang, &
Gabrieli, 2003).
Each additional time you cite this source in your
paper, you only list the first author, and follow it up
with et al.
“A new brand of leadership is needed to accomplish renewal
– one committed to personal empowerment and the building
of community” (Kosslyn et al., 2003, p. 3).
“et al.” stands for “and others”
Perhaps you have a source that lists an agency, such
as a government agency, as the author (and not an
individual). In this instance you simply list that
agency within the citation:
Teachers in Florida have been more involved in preparing
their students for the FCAT (Florida Department of
Education, 2003).
Agency listed
Florida Department of Education. (2003). Retrieved May 8, 2005,
from http://www.firn.edu/doe/eias/eiaspubs/notchrs.htm
References section
The word References should appear in
uppercase and lowercase letters, and
centered and bold.
You will notice that the word References is
plural.
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References are in alphabetical order by the
author’s last name.
Multiple authors for the same reference are listed
in alphabetical order.
If you have more than one reference by the same
author, you list them in order by the year of
publication.
Use “&” as opposed to “and” in references and
between parentheses (Smith & Jones, 2003)
Use “and” between authors when in the narrative
text: Olina and Sullivan (2002) note that feedback
helps learners . . .
Recall that almost without exception, your
in-text citation should “connect” to an
entry in your References toward the end of
your paper.
Lael (2002) emphasizes that principals empower
teachers most by demonstrating their own
commitment to being lifelong learners and teachers
themselves.
Lael, A. (2002). Instructional leadership: Learning on the
job. Principal, 81(4), 65.
References are formatted in the fashion
below. The reference is in “hanging indent”
style, with the first line not indented and all
lines that follow indented.
Durocher, E. A. (1995). Leadership orientations of school
administrators: A survey of nationally recognized school
leaders. (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University
Teachers College, 1995).
Lael, A. (2002). Instructional leadership: Learning on the job.
Principal, 81(4), 65.
“Hanging indent”
In general, the author is listed first; last name first,
first initial, second initial. The year is then listed in
parentheses. The title is then displayed (in italics
for a book). If it is a book, the city and state of
publication is offered, followed by a colon and the
publishing company name.
Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Boston, MA:
Harvard Business School Press.
All authors are listed in alphabetical order.
Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (1990). Leadership
orientations. Brookline, MA: Leadership
Frameworks.
Capelluti, J., & Nye, K. (2003). Make one courageous
decision a day. Principal Leadership, 3(7), 8-9.
Esty, K., Griffin, R., & Hirsch, M. S. (1995). Workplace
diversity. Avon, MA: Adams Media Corporation.
***notice the placements of periods, commas and spaces***
Cheever, J. (1995a). The enormous radio. In R. V.
Cassill (Ed.), The Norton anthology of short
fiction (5th ed., pp. 182–191). New York, NY:
Norton.
Cheever, J. (1995b). The five-forty-eight. In R. V.
Cassill (Ed.), The Norton anthology of short
fiction (5th ed., pp. 191–202). New York, NY:
Norton.
Notice 1995a and 1995b . . . This is based on the alphabetical
order of the title. Notice that enormous appears before fiveforty-eight alphabetically. In-text citation will state either
Cheever (1995a) or Cheever (1995b).
Ross, D. B. (2006). The need for true leadership.
Boston, MA: Ross Foundation.
Ross, T. H. (2007). Expanding the mind: Critical
thinking in organizations. The World
Leadership Journal, 4(1), 20-29.
In-text example, note the use of authors’ initials:
Among the research, D. B. Ross (2006) and T.
H. Ross (2007) commented . . .
The first six authors are listed, every author
after that is referred to as “et al.” (which
means and others).
Stuebing, K., Fletcher, J., LeDoux, J., Lyon, G., Shawitz, S.,
Shaywitz, B., et al. (2002). Validity of IQ-discrepancy
classifications of reading disabilities. American
Educational Research Journal, 39(2), 469-518.
A periodical, such a journal, magazine or
newspaper, is referred to like below. The
title of the article is listed after the year.
The name of the periodical is next (italics),
followed by the volume (italics), number
and pages.
Lael, A. (2002). Instructional leadership: Learning on
the job. Principal, 81(4), 65-68.
The periodical name and volume
number are in italics
Number and
Page #s are not in
italics
An Internet periodical is listed in a reference list like any
other periodical; however, it also includes the retrieval
date and web address:
Logan, J. P. (1998). School leadership of the 90s and
beyond: A window of opportunity for women
educators. Retrieved July 18, 2003, from http://www.
advancingwomen.com/awl/summer98/LOGAN.html
The website can not be a “hyperlink” (no underline)
To remove the hyperlink, once typed, right click and select “remove hyperlink”
Note** the retrieval date may differ from the publish date. In this
case the publish date is 1998 and the retrieval date is 2003.
Internet publications from organizations,
government or private, will many times not display
an author. The agency name is listed instead of the
author.
Florida Department of Education. (n.d.). Retrieved
May 8, 2005, from http://www.firn.edu/doe/eias
/eiaspubs/notchrs.htm
**Notice the website is
separated to fill the line to
the margin . . . And NO
hyperlink
Note: (n.d.) for
“no date.” This can
be used for any
reference without
a date
What about a private organization? Here is an
example:
Ross Institute. (1999). Education in
America. Retrieved May 8, 2005, from
http://ross.inst. com
There are four elements necessary for an
organization to become successful in accomplishing
goals: (a) respect, (b) trust, (c) commitment, and (d)
recognition (Wycoff, 1995).
example below . . .Note** When listing in the sentence
format, use (a), (b), and (c) . . .
Separate with commas; however, there is an exception –
if any sections have a comma within its element,
separate with semicolons:
(a) word, word and word; (b) word, and (c) word.
Wycoff (1995) notes two of four elements necessary for an
organization to become successful in accomplishing goals:
1. Respect is the concern for the person and recognition
of how important every single member of the organization is
to the whole (p. 50).
2. Trust is having open, honest communication, fair
dealings for all stakeholders, and a system for resolving
conflict (p. 51). A primary contributor to an environment of
trust is a high level of corporate ethics (p. 50).
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You must “credit” others for their work;
APA will do this for you;
If this credit is not given, you might be
committing plagiarism; and
You must connect your citations to a link in
the References (with the exception of
personal communications). Always double
check that you have included them in-text
as well as the reference section.
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Consult the APA Publication Manual;
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/re
search/r_apa.html (Purdue University’s
English Lab APA website) for further
information. This Powerpoint is merely a
basic primer in APA formatting;
Disclaimer: Be careful of some online APA
formats . . . always refer to the APA manual;
and
Please remember NSUs style guide changes.