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Personal Financial Planning in Action
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Focus on Personal Finance, 2e
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Objective 1: Identify Social and Economic Influences
on Personal Financial Goals
 Financial Planning: process of managing your money
to achieve personal economic satisfaction.
 Financial Plan: formalized report that summarizes
your current financial situation, analyzes your financial
needs, and recommends future financial activities.
What types of decisions are part of financial
planning?
What happens to people without a financial plan?
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Objective 1: Identify Social and Economic Influences
on Personal Financial Goals
Advantages of Financial Planning
• Increased effectiveness in obtaining, using, and
protecting financial resources.
• Increased control of financial affairs.
• Improved personal relationships.
• A sense of freedom from financial worries obtained
by looking to the future.
• Other? (e.g., reaching future goals)
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Objective 1: Identify Social and Economic Influences
on Personal Financial Goals
Life Situation and Personal Values
 Adult life cycle stage.
 Marital status, household
size, and employment.
 Major events.
– Graduation, marriage, divorce.
– Birth or adoption of child.
– Career or health changes.
 Values.
– What are the ideas and principles you consider correct,
desirable and important?
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Financial Planning in Our Economy
 Economy’s influence on financial planning
– Phases of the business cycle: expansion, peak, contraction,
trough (takes 4-5 years on average)
 Economics: the study of how wealth is created and
distributed; strongly influences financial planning
 Role of the Federal Reserve (e.g., interest rates, money supply)
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Financial Planning in our Economy
Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices
– Inflation reduces the buying power of the dollar
– Is most harmful to people living on fixed incomes
– Inflation rates have varied over time (10-12% in early 1980s)
– The CPI (Consumer Price Index) is a measure of inflation
– Many people face hidden inflation (not spending like CPI)
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Financial Planning in our Economy
Interest Rates represent the cost of money
– Affected by supply and demand of money
– Have a major affect on financial planning
– Risk is also a factor in determining interest rates
• Reason why longer-term loans cost more and longer term CDs
pay more: increased uncertainty over time
– Interest rates influence many financial decisions
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The Rule of 72
 Rule of 72–Calculates the number of years it
takes for principal to double.
– Years = 72 divided by interest rate.
– Example: 72 divided by 8% = 9 years
 Calculates the interest rate it takes for principal
to double.
– Interest rate = 72 divided by number of years
– Example: 72 divided by 10 years = 7.2%
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The Rule of 72 in Pictures
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Financial Planning Activities
 Obtaining- Get resources from employment, investments
 Planning- Plan spending and saving through budgeting process
 Saving- Money for emergencies and short-term goals
 Borrowing- Wise borrowing habits; not misusing credit
 Spending- Considering consequences; spending < earnings
 Managing Risk- Adequate insurance coverage for risks
 Investing- Select securities for income and LT growth
 Retirement and Estate Planning- Financial security in later life
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Objective 2: Develop Personal Financial Goals
 There are 3 different time frames for achieving financial goals
– Short-Term Goals- Achieved within next year
– Intermediate Goals- Achieved within next 2 to 5 years
– Long-Term Goals- Achieved > 5 years in the future
 There are 3 different financial needs goals
– Consumable-Product Goals (food, clothing, entertainment)
– Durable-Product Goals (“big ticket” items like appliances and cars)
– Intangible-Product Goals (health, education, relationships, service)
Goal setting guidelines suggests goals should...SMART
– Be realistic, be stated in specific, measurable terms, have a time
frame, and indicate the type of action to be taken.
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Objective 3: Assess Personal and Financial
Opportunity Costs of Financial Decisions
Opportunity cost is what you give up by making a
choice.
– The cost, referred to as the trade-off of a decision,
cannot always be measured in dollars. Sometimes the
cost is your time.
– Consider lost opportunities that will result from your
decisions (health, knowledge, abilities)
Write down an example of a recent
opportunity cost in your life.
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The Time Value of Money
 Increases in an amount of money
as a result of interest earned.
– Saving today means more money tomorrow. Spending
means lost interest.
 4 types of time value calculations
– Future value of a single amount (1-A)
– Future value of a series of deposits (annuity) (1-B)
– Present value of a single amount (1-C)
– Present value of a series of deposits (1-D)
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How Simple Interest is Computed
 Simple Interest:
Amount in savings (principal) x annual interest
rate x time period equals the interest.
$100 x 5% x 1 (1 year)
100 x .05 x 1 = $5
In one year, you have $100 in principal plus $5 in
interest for a total of $105 at the end of the year
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Future Value
 Future value is the amount to which current savings will
increase based on a certain interest rate and a certain
time period.
 Future value is also call compounding - earning interest
on previously earned interest (compound interest)
 Future value can be computed for a single amount or for
a series of deposits (examples?)
 Compound Interest Analogy: Who Wants to Be a
Millionaire? game show (greatest rewards at end)
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Present Value
 The current value for a future amount based on a
certain interest rate and a certain time period.
 Present value calculations are also called
discounting.
 The present value of the amount you want in the future
will always be less than the future value.
 Present value can be computed for a single amount or
for a series of deposits.
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Future Value of a Lump Sum Example
Future Value (FV)–Value of an asset at the end of a
particular time period.
?
Example: Value of $1,000
in 4 years at 8% interest
Exhibit 1-A
FVF (8%, 4 years) = 1.360
1,000 x 1.3605 = $1,360
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Future Value of an Annuity Example
FV of an Annuity (FVOA)- What principal will grow to
over time if a series of regular deposits are made.
?
Example: $2,000 annual
deposits to Roth IRA at 8%
interest for 40 years from age
22 to 62 = $518,120
Exhibit 1-B
FVOA (8%, 40 years) =
259.060
$2,000 x 259.060
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Present Value of a Lump Sum Example
Present/Discounted Value (PV)–Current value of
an asset that will be received in the future.
Example: Today’s value of a
$25,000 inheritance to be received in
10 years, assuming the principal
earns an 8% average annual return.
Exhibit 1-C
PV (8%, 10 years) = 0.463
$25,000 x 0.463 = $11,575
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Present Value of an Annuity Example
 PV of an Annuity (PVOA)- Present value of a stream
of payments to be received in the future.
Example: The amount to have
invested at retirement to provide
$30,000 of income per year for
20 years with a 7% return =
$317,820
Exhibit 1-D
PVOA (7%, 20 years) = 10.594
$30,000 x 10.594
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Objective 4: Implement a Personal Plan
1. Determine your current financial situation.
2. Develop your financial goals.
3. Identify alternative courses of action.
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Continue the same course of action (e.g. same savings rate)
Expand the current situation (e.g., higher savings rate)
Change the current situation (e.g., switch to online bank or credit union)
Take a new course of action (e.g., pay off credit card debt instead of saving)
4. Evaluate your alternatives.
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Consequences of choices (e.g., opportunity costs)
Evaluating different types of risks (e.g., inflation risk)
Financial planning information sources (e.g., advisors, media, Web sites)
5. Create and implement your financial action plan.
6. Review and revise your plan.
Wrap Up
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
Chapter Quiz

Concept Check 1-1- Who Suffers or Benefits From
Inflation?
–
Person with money in savings?, person borrowing money?,
person lending money?, person receiving a fixed income?
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Concept Check 1-2- Match Goals and 4 Life Situations
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Concept Check 1-3- Solve the three time value of
money problems