Seed:
Seed Coat
Embryo
Storage Tissue (Endosperm)
Seed Hormones
CK-CytoKinin
cell division
GA-Gibberellic Acid
cell expansion
AbA-Abscisic Acid
dormancy
http://www.kyne.com.au/~mark/photos/flowers/cherry_blossum.jpg
Fruit Origins: Simple Fruit
Aggregate Fruit
Multiple Fruit
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/senior/fruits/images/large/strawberryflower.jpg
http://www.jdandersen.com/Resource-231/fruit.jpg
achenes
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/plantbio/digitalflowers/picts/Mor
aceae/09-%20Morus%20alba%20fruits.jpg
http://www.preschooleducation.com/postcard/pic/strawberry%202.gif
Fruit Composition
Superior Ovary
Hypogynous Flower
True Fruit Only
Half-Superior Ovary
Perigynous Flower
True + Accessory Fruit
Inferior Ovary
Epigynous Flower
True + Accessory Fruit
Fruit Description:
Fleshy Fruits
Drupe: with pit
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/DRUPE.JPG
Example: peach
Berry: with seeds
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/TOMATO.JPG
Example: tomato
Pome: with core
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/POME.JPG
Example: apple
The Cherry flower is: complete perfect hypogynous
The cherry fruit is a drupe with a both fleshy and pit wall layers.
Coffee fruits mature unevenly and so are
hand-picked…by Juan Valdez? This leads
to a social dilemma…to buy or to boycott
or…?
Coffea arabica - coffee
Coffee originated in
tropical Africa, but most
of the crop is now grown
in the South American
tropics. Why?
What South American
native is produced mostly
Chocolate
in Africa?
These grapes are a classic berry.
What is the tiny scar on the end of each fruit?
The location of the style attachment
So is the ovary superior or inferior?
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Here is a berry from an inferior ovary!
http://www.all-creatures.org/pica/ftshl-grape-07.jpg
What is the difference
between the flesh of the
two berries shown here?
True vs Accessory
Cucurbita female (pistillate, carpellate flower)
stigma
vestigial
androecium
style
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
inferior
ovary
fruit will have accessory
pedicel
http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio255/Cucurbita.jpg
Are the flowers perfect or
imperfect?
Is the pistil simple or
compound?
Is the ovary inferior or
superior?
Is the flower epigynous or
hypogynous?
This is the true fruit.
accessory
What is the rest of the tissue?
Is the placenta axile, radial, or
parietal?
This is a seed or an ovule?
What is this stalk? funiculus
Cucumis melo
ovule/seed
funiculus
placenta
placenta
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
true fruit
placenta
parietal!
rind = accessory
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/botany306/terminology/flower/images/syncarpy-melon.jpg
The flowers of apple have a halfinferior (half-superior) ovary.
So the fruit is going to be
partially an accessory fruit.
The apple fruit is a pome, which
has a cartilaginous core as the
true fruit. The accessory is tasty!
The bottom of the fruit shows the
remains of the five styles and
stigmata.
There are also five triangular
flaps that were the sepals,
Fruit Description:
Dry Fruits Dehiscent
Follicle-one side
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/FOLLICLE.JPG
Example: milkweed
Dry Fruits Indehiscent
Achene - cypsela
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/ACHENE.JPG
Example: sunflower
Legume-two sides
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/LEGUME.JPG
Example: honey locust
Grain - caryopsis
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/CORN.JPG
Example: corn
Capsule-multiple
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/CAPSULE.JPG
Example: hibiscus
Nut with involucre
http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/NUT.JPG
Example: oak
Both Kapok and Milkweed have a fruit that splits along one side:
…a follicle.
The seeds of both
species have a
fibrous pappus
attached to the
seeds.
Kapok was used for
filling floatation
devices.
In WW2, the US
investigated using
milkweed as a
substitute to outfit
the Navy.
It was found
unsuitable.
Here are two fruits, dry at maturity, and
splitting along both sides of the fruit to shed
seeds.
This makes the fruits legumes. The examples
shown are lentil (left) and redbud (below).
Is this pistil simple or compound?
stigmata
Papaver orientale- oriental poppy
Wounding this fruit causes
latex to bleed out. This is
collected as raw opium.
Morphine and codeine can be
extracted from this. Heroin is
synthesized by reactions with
morphine as starting material.
ovary
wall
stamen
and petal
scars
sepal
Fragaria - Strawberry
Origin: Aggregate Fruit
Composition: True + Accessory
flower
hypogynous
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/senior/fruits/images/large/strawberryflower.jpg
style + stigma
superior ovary
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/botany306/terminology/fruit/
images/strawberry-achene.jpg
http://www.preschooleducation.com/postcard/pic/strawberry%202.gif
Descripton (true fruit!): Dry Indehiscent Achene
Fragaria early fruit development shows clearly the carpels of the
flower becoming the true fruit…
stigma
style
superior
ovary
true
fruit
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
receptacle
accessory
to fruit
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/botany306/terminology/flower/images/Fragaria2.jpg
Nut!
Cypsela
oak, filbert
(hazelnut),
chestnut
daisy family!
stigma
style
ovary
wall
involucre
Caryopsis - grain
The most important
fruit on earth!
rice, corn, wheat,
etc.
scar of epigynous
flower
scar of style
ovary wall
inferior
ovary wall
pedicel scar
embryo
hypogynous flower chaff
pedicel scar
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.tropicamente.it/immagini%20sito/CATALOG
http://www.mythoO/T/Theobroma%20cacao.jpg
fleurs.com/images/fleurs_tropicales/theobroma_cacao_fleurs.JPG
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db50/FOTO__Archiv/Theobroma%20cacao%202.jpg
Theobroma cacao
The ground-up interior of the
seeds is used to make chocolate
(after mixing with sugar and
milk solids)