Reading Quiz
 What was the Berkeley bake sale protesting?
 What campus group sponsored the bake sale?
 Why was the bake sale considered by some to be
offensive?
 The group sponsoring the sale labeled it a “satire”.
What is satire?
 The Live Blog frequently mentions a group named
BAMN. What does this acronym stand for?
Discussion Questions
 In small groups, discuss Response Question #2 on page
755 (at the end of “The Berkeley Bake Sale”
 Record your group’s answer on a single sheet of paper
with all group members’ names.
 Be prepared to share your responses with the class.
Argument Structure
 Basic arguments can be made in two ways: inductive
and deductive reasoning.
 Inductive reasoning groups specific examples and then
draws a conclusion from them.

The probability of becoming schizophrenic is greatly
increased if at least one parent is schizophrenic. Therefore,
schizophrenia may be inherited.
 Deductive reasoning sets out a general rule and applies
it to a specific case in order to reach a conclusion

Bachelors are unmarried men. Bill is unmarried. Therefore,
Bill is a bachelor.
Classical Oration
 Classical oration has six parts
 Exordium—attention getter and introduction to the
topic
 Narratio—background information of the topic, putting
the issue in context
 Partitio—explanation of the claim and key issues
 Confirmatio—detailed support for claim in the form of
logical reasoning and evidence
 Refutatio—recognition and refutation of opposing
viewpoints
 Peroratio—summary and call to action
Rogerian Argument
 Rogerian Arguments are more non-confrontational
than classical oration. The goal of the invitational
rhetoric employed by a Rogerian argument is
compromise and getting people to work together for a
common goal.
 It has four parts
 Introduction and background information
 Context and alternate points of view
 Writer’s position or claim
 Benefits to opponent—how would the audience benefit
from agreeing with the author?
Example of Rogerian Argument
1.
2.
3.
4.
(Intro) Smoking cigarettes can cause lung problems. Both firsthand and second-hand smokers are affected by cigarette smoke.
Scientific findings and researches show that the chemicals in
cigarettes, apart from the smoke, can lead to health problems
such as lung cancer. Smoking cigarettes should be banned in
public places. In public places, more people, both young and old,
can be exposed to the smoke from cigarettes.
(Context)My position differs from those who might say that
smoking altogether should not be banned.
(Claim) My position is that smoking in public places should be
banned. It does not include smoking in private places like homes.
(Benefits) Smoking in public places should be banned because it
poses health risks to individuals who are non-smokers and who
do not want to inhale the fumes from cigarettes. The risks are
double to those who already have lung ailments.
Toulmin Argument
 The Toulmin argument puts labels on the way we all
tend to make well-reasoned arguments
 Claim—thesis
 Qualifiers, if any
 Reasons
 Evidence—source material
 Warrants—assumptions
 Backing—evidence for warrant
 My claim is true, to a qualified degree, because of the
following reasons, which make sense if you consider
the warrant, backed by these additional reasons.
Example of Toulmin Argument
 “George Bush doesn’t care about black people” Kanye West
 Claim: value/judgment George Bush doesn’t care
about black people.
 Grounds: FEMA’s response to hurricane Katrina
was intentionally slow
 Warrant: cause-effect the reason the federal
government didn’t respond faster is because most
of the victims were black.
Activity
 Get out your in-class essay #1. See if you can chart your
argument according to the Toulmin model of
argument.
 What is your claim? Are there any qualifiers?
 What are your primary reasons?
 What evidence did you offer (this will likely have come
from the article).
 What warrants were present—note that these are often
difficult to spot because they seem so obvious.
 Did you provide any backing for your warrants? If so,
record that, too.