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MLL 203
Teaching Listening and Speaking in
the Malay Language Classroom
KANDUNGAN
Penilaian Kemahiran Mendengar dan Bertutur
 Strategi Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran

PENILAIAN
Kesahan,
 Kebolehpercayaan
 Keobjektifan
 Kebolehtadbiran
 Keberkesanan dan
 Positif dan Konstruktif

PENILAIAN KEMAHIRAN MENDENGAR

Mengapakah kita perlu menilai kemahiran
mendengar?

untuk mengetahui adakah pelajar-pelajar kita
sudah menguasai atau belum kemahiran
mendengar yang kita ajarkan.
PENILAIAN KEMAHIRAN MENDENGAR

Bilakah penilaian kemahiran mendengar
perlu dilakukan?
dilakukan secara tidak formal ketika pelajarpelajar melakukan aktiviti-aktiviti lisan
 Walaupun aktiviti lisan itu dilakukan serentak
dengan kemahiran bertutur tetapi fokusnya
adalah penilaian terhadap kemahiran
mendengarnya.

PENILAIAN KEMAHIRAN MENDENGAR

Penilaian terhadap kemahiran mendengar dapat
dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian.

(I) penilaian terhadap keupayaan mendengar dan
mendiskriminasikan komponen-komponen linguistik.
memerlukan pelajar mengenal pasti makna-makna
perkataan mengikut konteks, mengenalpasti jenis-jenis ayat
berdasarkan intonasi yang berlainan atau mengasingkan
perkataan mengikut golongan
(II) penilaian terhadap kemahiran mendengar bagi tujuantujuan komunikasi


PENILAIAN KEMAHIRAN MENDENGAR

Apakah instrumen yang kita gunakan
untuk menilai kemahiran mendengar?

antaranya ialah pemerhatian dan latihan
amali
PENILAIAN MENDENGAR

Mengenal pasti
 bunyi
bahasa
 bunyi-bunyi fonem berdasarkan perkataanperkataan berpasangan, cth: tari-dari-karam-lali-lari
 perbezaan berdasarkan gambar
 frasa atau ayat-ayat yang mengandungi perkataanperkataan yang bunyinya hampir-hampir sama
 jenis ayat-ayat mengikut intonasi
PENILAIAN MENDENGAR
Memadankan frasa atau ayat dengan gambar
 Memberi arahan yang mudah dan murid
memberikan gerak balas
 Mengarahkan murid melakukan tugas-tugas
tertentu
 Mengemukakan soalan berdasarkan petikan
yang dibaca

rehat
PENILAIAN KEMAHIRAN BERTUTUR

Siapakah yang dikatakan petah bertutur?

Seseorang yang menguasai perbendaharaan kata, memilih
dan menggunakannya bertepatan dengan konteks untuk
menyampaikan maklumat yang hendak diberitahunya itu
dengan jelas dan tepat

mampu membentuk frasa dan ayat-ayat yang betul, iaitu
tepat dari segi makna dan struktur

pandai menggunakan sesuatu perkataaan itu dengan
berbagai cara dan makna yang berbeza-beza berdasarkan
bentuk binaannya yang berbeza juga
PENILAIAN KEMAHIRAN BERTUTUR

aspek yang perlu diberi pertimbangan
semasa hendak membuat penilaian
kemahiran bertutur ialah aspek fonologi,
tatabahasa, leksikal, konteks, sebutan

dalam aspek fonologi kita melihat pelajar
tersebut boleh menyebut dengan betul dan
tepat sesuatu perkataan, frasa atau ayat
PENILAIAN KEMAHIRAN BERTUTUR
Aspek sebutan ialah dari segi nada dan
intonasi serta jeda dan tekanan
 Nada, kenyaringan dan kelantangan suara
harus juga dikawal dan dihasilkan
bersesuaian dengan situasi dan konteks
pertuturan.

PENILAIAN KEMAHIRAN BERTUTUR

kepantasan bertutur juga termasuk ada gerak
anggota seperti mimik muka, gerak mata,
tangan

aspek tatabahasa, salah satu penilaian yang
boleh dilaksanakan ialah dari segi transformasi
ayat. Contohnya,penilaian pada kecekapan
pelajar menuturkan ayat cakap ajuk atau ayat
cakap pindah semasa menceritakan atau
menyatakan sesuatu perkara dalam aktiviti di
dalam kelas.
PENILAIAN KEMAHIRAN BERTUTUR
aspek leksikal dinilai untuk memastikan
sama ada nama-nama objek yang dituturkan
itu betul atau tidak.
 guru menunjukkan sekeping gambar kepada
pelajar dan meminta pelajar menyebut nama
objek yang terdapat di dalam gambar
tersebut.
 adakah muridnya akan menyebut ‘harimau,’
‘halimau,’‘ghimau’ atau ‘haghimau’ ?

PENILAIAN BERTUTUR
(a) Bertutur berdasarkan gambar
(b) Bercerita berdasarkan satu siri gambar
(c) Menjawab soalan-soalan berdasarkan filem
(d) Melaporkan peristiwa yang dialami dan
sebagainya
(e) Menunjukkan arah perjalanan berdasarkan
gambar peta
(f) Menerangkan cara-cara mengisi borang, membuat
kuih, bersukan, berenang, melukis orang dan
sebagainya.
TEKNIK PERNILAIAN BERTUTUR
Temu duga dan temu bual
 Meniru sebutan
 Membaca kuat
 Bertutur mengikut arahan
 Menceritakan semula
 Main peran

PEMARKATAN

Terdapat dua bentuk pemarkatan yang boleh
diterapkan untuk menguji kemahiran bertutur
iaitu:
 Secara
objektif
 Secara holistik
PEMARKATAN SECARA OBJEKTIF
Peringkat rendah yang belum ada asas
penguasaan lisan
 Belum boleh bertutur dengan lancar
 Soalan yang dikemukakan berbentuk item
yang memerlukan mereka memberi gerak
balas langsung dan bertutur dengan
menggunakan ayat pendek, gunakan
gambar
 Guru boleh sediakan senarai semak

PEMARKATAN SECARA HOLISTIK
Secara menyeluruh
 Penguasaan pertuturan dibahagikan kepada
beberapa pecahan dan markat diperuntukkan
bagi setiap pecahan
 Boleh dibahagi kepada:

Sebutan
 Kefahaman
 Tatabahasa
 Kosa kata
 kelancaran

REHAT
STRATEGI PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN

pendekatan yang boleh digunakan untuk
membentuk ‘keupayaan berkomunikasi’
- pembelajaran koperatif
- pendekatan komunikatif
- pendekatan konstruktivisme
PEMBELAJARAN KOPERATIF

Eggen dan Kauchak (1993: 319)
mendefinisikan pembelajaran koperatif
sebagai sekumpulan strategi mengajar yang
digunakan guru agar pelajar saling membantu dalam mempelajari sesuatu.
PENGAJARAN KOPERATIF

Menurut Kagan (1998), dalam pembelajaran
koperatif, aktiviti pembelajaran dikatakan wujud
apabila struktur koperatif yang disesuaikan
dengan isi kandungan
Struktur pembelajaran + Isi kandungan = Aktiviti

Kagan telah menyenaraikan sekurangkurangnya sebanyak lebih daripada 50 contoh
struktur (dengan nama-nama yang tertentu)
yang dapat disesuaikan dengan isi kandungan.
PENGAJARAN KOPERATIF

Banyak kajian mendapati pembelajaran
koperatif mempunyai banyak kelebihan,
antaranya ialah dapat meningkatkan potensi
pelajar dari segi
 Pencapaian
akademik
 Kepekaan positif kepada kepelbagaian
 Pemantapan kemahiran sosial
PENGAJARAN KOPERATIF

Pembelajaran Koperatif menggunakan peraturan bilik darjah yang mampu
mewujudkan satu pasukan yang berkesan. Singkatan KISSES mewakili
peraturan bilik darjah seperti yang diterangkan di bawah.
K
Keep with the group ( Sentiasa dalam pasukan)
I
Include everyone (libatkan semua ahli – elakkan passenger)
S
Share ideas and feelings (sedia berkongsi idea dan perasaan)
S
Stay on task (Sentiasa melakukan tugasan yang diberi)
E
Encourage others (Memberi galakan kepada rakan sebaya)
S
Six inch Voices ( perbincangan mesra kumpulan berberdu / berempat
dalam jarak lebih kurang 6 inci.)
PRINSIP PENGAJARAN KOPERATIF

PIES merupakan prinsip-prinsip pembelajaran koperatif
mengikut model Kagan. Apakah PIES?

Positive Interdepence (Saling Kebergantungan Secara
Positif): pelajar dari pelbagai kebolehan bekerjasama
dalam kumpulan kecil untuk mencapai satu matlamat yang
sama.
Sasaran adalah tahap pembelajaran yang maksimum bukan
sahaja untuk diri sendiri, tetapi juga untuk rakan-rakan yang
lain.
Saling bergantungan secara positif yang kuat di dalam
sesuatu kumpulan akan menjadi motivasi kepada setiap ahli
untuk berjaya.


PRINSIP PENGAJARAN KOPERATIF




Individual Accountability (Akauntabiliti Individu):
Bagi menilai akauntabiliti individu setiap ahli kumpulan,
satu tugasan akan diberikan kepada kumpulan
tersebut. Pencapaian kumpulan akan dinilai mengikut
sumbangan setiap individu. Setiap ahli akan menerima
markah mengikut sumbangan / idea mereka.
Equal Participation (Penglibatan Sama Rata):
Penglibatan yang sama rata di antara ahli kumpulan
boleh dicapai melalui pembahagian/urutan tugasan.
Dengan cara ini, setiap pelajar diberi peluang untuk
mengambil bahagian dan memberi idea. Cara ini
menjadikan setiap pelajar bertanggungjawab dan
menglibatkan mereka secara sama rata
PRINSIP PENGAJARAN KOPERATIF
Structure (Struktur):
 Terdapat banyak struktur dalam model
Kagan dimana setiap satunya mempunyai
kegunaan dan kepentingan masing-masing.
Pengetahuan mengenai struktur-struktur ini
dan cara pelaksanaanya memerlukan
pemahaman dan latihan yang berulangulangan.

STRUKTUR
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Agreement Circles
 Students
stand in a large circle, then
step to the center in proportion to
their agreement with a statement by a
student or teacher.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Blind Sequencing
 Students
sequence all pieces without
peeking at the pieces of teammates.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Circle-the –Sage
 Students
who know, stand to become
sages; teammates each gather
around a different sage to learn.
 Students return to teams to compare
notes.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Corners
 Students
pick a corner, write its
number, go there, interact with
others with same corner choice in a
Rally Robin or Timed Pair Share.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Fan-N-Pick
 Played with higher-level thinking
Q cards. #1 fans, #2 picks, #3
answers, #4 praises. Students
then rotate roles.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Find Someone Who
 Students
circulate, finding others who
can contribute to their worksheet.
 People
Hunt: Students circulate, finding
others who match their own
characteristics.
 Fact Bingo: Find someone who played
on bingo worksheet.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Find the Fib
 Teammates
try to determine which of
three statements is a fib.
 Fact
or Fiction: Teammates try to
determine if a statement is true or false.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Flashcard Game
 Flashcards
in pairs, with rounds
progressing from many to no clues
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Formations
 Students
stand together as a class to
form shapes.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Inside/Outside Circle
 Students
in concentric circles rotate
to face a partner to answer the
teacher’s questions or those of the
partner.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Jigsaw Problem Solving
 Each
teammate has part of the
answer or a clue card; teammates
must put their info together to solve
the team problem.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Match Mine
 Receivers
arrange objects to
match those of Senders whose
objects are hidden by a barrier.
 Draw-What-I-Say:
Receiver draws
what sender describes.
 Build-What-I-Write: Receiver
constructs what Sender has
described in writing.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Mix-Freeze-Group
 Students
rush to form groups of a specific size,
hoping not to land in “lost and found.”
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Mix-Pair-Discuss
 Students
pair with classmates to discuss question
posed by the teacher.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Mix-N-Match
 Students
mix, then find partners with
the matching card.
 Snowball:
Students toss crumpled
papers over imaginary volleyball net,
stop, pick up a snowball, then find the
person with the matching “snowball.”
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Numbered Heads Together
 Students
huddle to make sure all can
respond, a number is called, the
student with that number responds.
 Paired
Heads Together: Students in
pairs huddle to make sure they both can
respond, an “A” or “B” is called, the
student with that letter responds.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

One Stray
 The
teacher calls a number; students
with that number “stray” to join
another team, often to share.
 Two
Stray: Two students stray to another
team, often to share and to listen.
 Three stray: Three students stray to
another team, often to listen to the one
who stayed to explain a team project.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Pairs Check
 Students
work first in pairs each doing
a problem and receiving coaching and
praise from their partner; then pairs
check and celebrate after every two
problems.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Pairs Compare
 Pairs
generate ideas or answers,
compare their answers with another
pair, and then see if working together
they can come up with additional
responses neither pair alone had.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Paraphrase Passport
 Students
can share their own ideas only after they
accurately paraphrase the person who spoke
before them.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Partners
 Pairs
work to prepare a presentation, then
present to the other pair in their team.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Poems for Two Voices
 Partners
alternate reading “A” and
“B” lines of a poem, and read “AB”
lines together in unison.
 Songs
for Two Voices: Partners alternate
singing “A” and “B” lines of a song, and
sing “AB” lines together in unison.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Rally Robin
 Students
 Rally
in pairs take turns talking.
Toss: Partners toss a ball (paper
wad) while doing Rally Robin.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Rally Table
 Students
in pairs take turns writing,
drawing, pasting. (2 papers, 2 pencils
per team)
 Pass-N-Praise:
Students in pairs take
turns writing and hand their paper to the
next person only after receiving praise.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Reading Boards
 Students
manipulate game pieces
relating to the song as they sing along.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Rotating Review
 Teams
discuss topic; chart their
thoughts; rotate to the next chart to
discuss and chart their thoughts.
 Rotating
Feedback: Teams discuss, then
chart their feedback to another team’s
product; then rotate to do the same with
the next team.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Round Robin
 Student
 Turn
in teams take turn talking
Toss: Students toss a ball (paper
wad) while doing Round Robin.
 Think-Write-Round Robin: Students
think, then write before the Round Robin.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Round Table
 Students
in teams take turns writing,
drawing, pasting. (1 paper, 1 pencil
per team)
 Rotating
Recorder: Students take turns
recording team responses.
 Simultaneous Round Table: Round Table
with more than one recording sheet
passed at once. (4 papers, 4 pencils per
team)
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Sages Share
 Students
Think Pad Brainstorm ideas,
and each initial those ideas they can
explain. Then students take turns
interviewing the “sages” – those who
can explain an idea they don’t
understand.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Same – Different
 Students
try to discover what’s the
same and different in two pictures,
but neither student can look at the
picture of the other.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Send-A-Problem
 Teammates
make problems which are
sent around the class for other teams
to solve.
 Trade-A-Problem:
Teammates make
problems which are traded with another
team to solve.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Showdown
 Teammates
each write an answer,
then there is a “showdown” as they
show their answers to each other.
Teammates verify answers.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Similarity Groups
 Students
form groups based on a
commonality.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Spend-A-Buck
 Each
student has four quarters to
spend on two, three, or four items.
The item with the most quarters is
the team choice.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Spin-N-Think
 Students
follow a thinking trail (Read
Q, Answer Q, Paraphrase & Praise, &
Discuss). At each point on the trail a
student is randomly selected to
perform after all students have had
think time.
 Spin-N-Review:
Students review
questions by following a trail (Read Q,
Answer Q, Check Answer, Praise or Help).
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Stir-the-Class
 Teams
stand in circle around room,
huddle to discuss a question from the
teacher, stand shoulder to shoulder
when they have their answers, rotate
to next team when their number is
called to share their answer, and join
the new team for next question.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Talking Chips
 Students
place their chip in the center
each time they talk; they cannot speak
again until all chips are in the center and
collected.
 Gambit
Chips: Like Talking Chips but chips
contain gambits (things to say or do): For
examples, Affirmation Chips contain
praisers; Paraphrase Chips contain gambits
for paraphrasing.
 Response Mode Chips: Like Talking Chips
but chips contain response modes: For
examples, Summarizing, Giving an Idea,
Praising an Idea.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Team Chants
 Teammates
come up with words and
phrases related to the content, then
come up with a rhythmic chant often
with snapping, stomping, tapping,
and clapping.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Team Interview
 Students
are interviewed, each in
turn, by their teammates.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Teammates Consult
 For
each of a series of questions,
students place pens in cup, share
and discuss their answers, and then
pick up pens to write answer in own
words.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Team-Pair-Solo
 Students
solve problems first as a
team, then as a pair, finally alone.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Team Stand-N-Share
 All
teams stand. Teams share ideas
and record ideas from other teams.
Teams sit when all ideas are shared
and continue to record until all teams
sit.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Team Statements
 Students
think, discuss in pairs, write
an individual statement, Round Robin
individual statements, and then work
together to make a team statement
they can all endorse more strongly
than their individual statements.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Team Word-Web
 Students
write the topic in the center,
Round Table core concepts, then free-forall supporting elements, and bridges.
Students each use a different color pen or
marker for individual accountability and to
ensure equal participation.
 Team
Mind Map: Students draw and label the
central image, brainstorm, draw, and label
main ideas radiating out of the central image,
and finally add details using colors, images,
branches and key words.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Telephone
 One
student leaves the room. The
teacher teaches the remaining
students. The absent student returns
and is taught by teammates, and later
takes a quiz.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Think-Pair-Share
 Students
think about their response
to a question, discuss answers in
pairs, and then share their own or
partner’s answer with the class.
 Think-Pair-Square:
Same except
students share their answers with
teammates rather than with the class.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Three-Pair-Share
 Students
share on a topic three
times, once with each of their
teammates.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Three-Step Interview
 Students
share with a partner, the
partner shares with them, and then
they Round Robin share their
partner’s response with the other
teammates.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Timed Pair Share
 Students
share with a partner for a
predetermined amount of time and
then the partner shares with them for
the same amount of time.
COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES

Who Am I?
 Students
attempt to determine their
secret identity (taped on their back) by
circulating and asking “yes/no” questions
of classmates. They are allowed three
questions per classmate (or unlimited
questions until they receive a no
response). They then find a new
classmate to question. When the student
guesses his/her identify, he/she becomes
a consultant to give clues to those who
have not yet found their identity.
CIRI-CIRI PENDEKATAN KOMUNIKATIF
Pertama ialah aspek makna sangat diutamakan.
 Kedua, sekiranya dialog digunakan dalam
pengajaran, fungsi atau peranan komunikatif
dialog itu hendaklah diutamakan dan bukan
dilakukan untuk dihafaz
 Ketiga, konteks dan situasi penggunaan bahasa
amat dipentingkan. Keempat, pembelajaran
bahasa merupakan pembelajaran untuk
berhubung dan kemahiran bahasa dianggap
sebagai kemahiran sosial

CIRI-CIRI PENDEKATAN KOMUNIKATIF
Kelima, bahan-bahan pembelajaran yang dipilih
hendaklah bersesuaian dengan situasia atau
simulasi dalam aktiviti pengajaran
 Keenam, stimulus atau aktiviti pembelajaran
hendaklah menggalakkan atau
memberangsangkan murid-murid bercakap dan
berkomunikasi, ataupun menggunakan bahasa
dalam pelbagai keperluan berkomunikasi
 Ketujuh, keupayaan berkomunikasi dengan
menggunakan bahasa secara betul dan berkesan
ialah matlamat pendekatan komunikatif

PRINSIP PENDEKTAN KOMUNIKATIF

Pertama, semua latihan dan aktiviti bahasa hendaklah bersesuaian
dengan umur, pengalaman, latar belakang, minat dan keperluan pelajar

Kedua, semua latihan dan aktiviti bahasa hendaklah bercorak realistik
dan pragmatik dan menggambarkan keperluan sebenar penggunaan
bahasa untuk berkomunikasi dalam dunia yang sebenarnya, iaitu sama
ada dalam alam persekolahan, pekerjaan atau pergaulan

Ketiga, kemahiran berkomunikasi yang dimaksudkan ialah penggunaan
bahasa sebagai alat untuk berkomunikasi, sama ada secara lisan atau
tulisan

Keempat, semasa mengajar pula pelajar perlu dilibatkan secara aktif
iaitu wujudnya komunikasi dua hala. Dengan kata lain, ada pihak yang
memainkan peranan berbahasa yang bersifat produktif dan ada pihak
yang memainkan peranan berbahasa yang bersifat reseptif
PRINSIP PENDEKTAN KOMUNIKATIF

Keempat, semasa mengajar pula pelajar perlu dilibatkan secara aktif iaitu
wujudnya komunikasi dua hala. Dengan kata lain, ada pihak yang memainkan
peranan berbahasa yang bersifat produktif dan ada pihak yang memainkan
peranan berbahasa yang bersifat reseptif

Kelima, guru haruslah kreatif dan hendaklah sentiasa mencuba menghidupkan
situasi pembelajaran di bilik darjah agar dapat menarik minat dan
menyeronokkan murid-murid

Keenam, aspek tatabahasa sangat penting dan tidak boleh diabaikan. Kseilapan
perlu dibetulkan serta-merta apabila berlaku dan tidak boleh dibiarkan
berterusan

Ketujuh, dalam sesuatu aktiviti bahasa yang diadakan di dalam bilik darjah, guru
seharusnya bertindak sebagai pengawas, penasihat atau pemerhati sahaja di
mana penglibatan guru amat minimum iaitu masa yang diambil olehnya untuk
menerangkan sesuatu aktiviti yang dijalankan itu haruslah seringkas mungkin.
AKTIVITI
Contoh
Permainan
Main
peran
Simulasi
PEMBELAJARAN KONSTRUCTIVISME
CIRI PEMBELAJARAN KONSTRUKTIVISME
PERANAN GURU
PERANAN MURID
RUJUKAN


Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.(2001). Modul Pengajaran Secara
Konstruktivisme. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Zurida Ismail, Syarifah Norhaida dan Syed Idros (2006). Kaedah Mengajar
Sains. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Proffesional Publishing Sdn. Bhd.
TERIMA KASIH
SELAMAT MENGULANGKAJI!
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