RESTORATION THEORY OF
SLEEP
5 MINUTES
1)
According the RESTORATION
THEORY, what is the function of
SLEEP?
2)
What did Adams and Oswald
(1983) theorise?
(What is REM sleep for?)
What is SWS for?
This theory suggests that
RESTORATION TO THE
BODY, from damage caused
during the day, OCCURS
DURING SLEEP.
ADAM AND OSWALD (1983)
They suggested NEW TISSUE
GROWTH occurs during sleep.
It was suggested that;
REM SLEEP – the brain restores
itself
SLOW WAVE SLEEP (stages 3 and
4) – the body restores itself.
5 MINUTES
3) Describe OSWALD (1969) and his
research into patients with CNS
damage and patients who have taken
an overdose.
4) How does the sleep of NEWBORN
BABIES support the theory that REM sleep
is for GROWTH OF BRAIN TISSUE?
OSWALD (1969)
Found in patients with damage to
their CNS (spinal cord/brain) and
patients who have taken an
overdose (that may have damaged
the brain) that they engaged in more
REM sleep than normal subjects.
WAS THIS TO RESTORE
THE BRAIN TISSUE
DURING REM?
Newborn Babies
They show 50% more REM sleep than
adults.
It is theorised that because the brain
grows at such a rate during this stage,
REM sleep is required for growth.
5 MINUTES
5) What effect does sleep have on
our levels of
NEUROTRANSMITTERS?
It is also suggested that sleep is an
important way of
CONSERVING
NEUROTRANSMITTERS.
What are
NEUROTRANSMITTERS?
They are CHEMICAL
MESSENGERS which carry
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS from
neuron to neuron.
They are important to keep us alert
and for our body to function.
As we go through the day, the amount
of NEUROTRANSMITTERS in
our bodies DECREASES.
REM Sleep replenishes
NEUROTRANSMITTERS for
use during wakefulness
Oswald (1969) – 5 MINUTES
What does OSWALD state happens
during SLOW WAVE SLEEP
(stages 3 and 4)?
SLOW WAVE SLEEP
It is hypothesised this is necessary for
RESTORATION of the BODY.
During this stage of sleep GROWTH
HORMONE is released. This
stimulates PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
i.e. Production of new body tissue.
HORNE (1988) – 5 MINUTES
What did HORNE label SWS and
REM sleep? Why does Horne
state this sleep is important?
What does HORNE label stages 1
and 3 of sleep?
HORNE (1988)
Horne (1988) labelled SLOW WAVE
SLEEP (SWS) and REM as ‘CORE
SLEEP.’
He stated that during this stage, brain
repairs for vital functioning.
Horne (1998) labelled NREM sleep as
‘OPTIONAL SLEEP’.
He believed that the restoration that
takes place during optional sleep can
occur just as readily in WAKEFUL
REST.
EVALUATION OF THEORY
Shapiro et al (1981)
Researcher marathon runners – slept for about an hour more
for TWO NIGHTS.
SWS increased – SUPPORT OR CONTRADICT THEORY?
Horne and Minard (1985) – put participants through
exhausting tasks – went to sleep quicker but did not sleep
for longer.
WHAT IS BEING RESTORED?
 Theory says NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE INCREASED.
Think about what you know about brain activity during
sleep, especially REM. Would this be the case?
 Horne (1988)
AMINO ACIDS (what make up proteins) are only available for 5
hours after a meal.
 Therefore do you think PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (making
proteins) would be possible during sleep?
FFI
MICHAEL CORKE
SLEEP DEPRIVATION STUDIES
How would such studies add to the argument?
PETER TRIPP
RANDY GARDNER
Peter Tripp - RADIO DJ
Stayed awake for 201 hours
After 5 days – became AGGRESSIVE, started
HALLUCINATING and showed PARANOIA.
By the end his BODY TEMPERATURE and BRAIN WAVE
ACTIVITY showed almost no difference to that of a
SLEEPING STATE.
After 24 hours sleep he reported feeling TOTALLY
NORMAL.
RANDY GARDNER
 Student stayed awake for 260 hours (11 days)
 SHOWED NO PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS (like Tripp did)
but after a lengthy sleep appeared totally normal.
 After 72 hours of sleep deprivation it appears
individuals show period of MICRO-SLEEP while they are
awake. EEG’s show micro sleep is the same as sleep.
A02 – RANDY GARDNER and PETER
TRIPP?
 Case studies……(ELABORATE)
 Lack of control…….(ELABORATE)
 May have been experiencing MICRO-
SLEEP…………(ELABORATE)
REM and DEPRESSION
What is the purpose of REM
according to the theory?
 Studies into individuals with depression
suggests LACK of REM SLEEP has positive
consequences.
 WU ET AL (1999) – symptoms of
depression are reduced in people
DEPRIVED of REM.
DEPRIVATION OF REM.
 LAVIE ET AL (1984)
 20 year old individual
 Head injured by shrapnel
 Experienced no REM
 No ill effects. He completed his education and practiced
LAW.
DEPRIVATION OF SWS
 Studies have been done in either ;
 TOTAL SLEEP DEPRIVATON (deprived of SWS or REM)
Or
 PARTIAL SLEEP DEPRIVATION (deprived of just one of
the two – SWS OR REM)
 Johnson et al (1974)
 Said there was no difference between partial
sleep deprivation and total sleep deprivation.
 No difference in terms of performance or the
subsequent time spent sleeping.