I would like to thank Wikipedia,
Google and YouTube for helping me to
gather some of the information for 2D
Animation.
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2D Animation is the process of making moving
images by rapidly showing them in a certain
sequence. All the images will differ in some way so
that it makes a story as they’re shown.
When did Animation start?
• Animation started of as simple cave drawings that
would show a scene. The person may of drawn the
animal with more than two or four legs to show that it
was moving. It later developed into pot drawings. Then
it developed into animation to do with your persistence
of vision for example the Flip Books and Zoetropes, it
later took a big jump into Traditional Animation. Then
as the computer was invented, some animation began to
be replaced with Digital Animation.
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Flick Books: A flick or flip book also known as a kineograph
first appeared in September, 1868. Max Skladanowsky was
the first person to exhibit his flip book in 1894.
A flick book is where you create a bunch of images which
differ slightly every page. Then when they’re flipped
through it makes the images look animated.
Flick books rely on persistence of vision so as you stare at
one part of the page and flick it, it creates the illusion that
the image is moving or doing something.
Flip Books used to be toys but are still used today, as its fun.
They’re also used in the famous kid books Captain
Underpants and they’re occasionally found in magazines, or
the corner of pages.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8D0kG4URfxs
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Its one of the many pre-cinema animation devices which creates
the illusion of motion using objects or images. Its devised from the
Greek Words zoe (life) ands trope (turning) so it means Lifeturning.
Zoetropes consist of slits on the side with an image on the inside.
As the spin the zoetrope they look through the slits to see the
image. Kids used to make/have these as they were fun and
entertaining.
Zoetropes are closely based off Phenakistoscope but they were
designed to be better. The drum like shape was made in 1833.
There are three types of Zoetropes, the normal one, the Linear and
a 3D one. Here's my own example of a Zoetrope:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0uS0OOYIVA&list=UUp2
qALNcz6_HFoO286HI3Cw
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Cel Animation is traditional animation; animation that is
drawn by hand and not done by a computer.
A Cel animation uses a transparent sheet where the maker
draws or paints objects. It was used mainly round the first
half of the 20th century until it was largely replaces as it was
flammable. Disney used to use cels until the 1990’s due to
computer animation, which sadly meant Cel animation was
never used.
Earl Hurd was the one who came with cel animation in
1914. Normally its drawn with ink and then painted on the
other side.
One of the important breakthroughs in Cel Animation was
in 1985 by Walt Disney who released the Black Cauldron.
Disney Stores also sold old cells which were used in the
production of Little Mermaid.
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Rotoscoping was invented by the cartoonist Max Fleischer, who used
it in his series Out of the Inkwell which debuted in 1915. He also used
Rotoscoping for Betty Boop, Gulliver’s Travels and Superman
cartoons in the 1940’s, which were really unrealistic. It was also used
for Looney Tunes, Walt Disney’s Snow White and the Seven Dwarf’s.
Then it was later used for Lord of the Rings in 1978. It’s still used
today.
Rotoscoping is a technique in which animators would trace over their
footage for use in live-action and animated films. This was usually
done frame by frame.
A rotoscope is where an animator would draw live-action film images
which were projected onto a frosted glass panel and re-drawn by an
animator. However it was later replaced by computers. It’s classes as
Traditional Animation (drawn by hand).
Rotoscoping was also used for the musical video Take On Me and it
was used to create the glowing effect of the lightsabers in the first
three Star Wars films. It’s still popularly used in the visual effects
industry.
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Drawn on film was made by the brothers Arnaldo Ginanni Corradini
and Bruno Ginanni Corradini who wanted to express the ideas
visually.
Drawn on film is where footage is produced by creating the images
directly on film stock (film strip), instead of the other forms of
animation where the images or objects were photographed frame by
frame.
With Drawn on Film you could do anything. The first method is you
could draw, paint, glue and even stick objects onto it. The second is
you could scratch, etch, sand, or hole punch it. The artists would use
anything they find to create gnarly designs.
It can be a mixture of narrative or abstract design. One example of an
artist is Norman McLaren who wrote a short illustrated introduction
on how to make animated movies without a camera which was
originally published in 1949.
Here’s an example of Drawn on Film:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjDAepjjop4
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Photographic stills also known as Photoanimation can be used for
animation its basically like stop motion. This is where you take a
series of photos and put them all together in order to create the
illusion of movement.
The animation would be done of the stand, the camera would be
able to move in the directions of a compass (north, east, south and
west). They would also use backlighting to add any special effects.
This was made by Raúl DaSilva who worked with camera stand
operator, Francis Lee, in the late 1960’s. Where it would be used
for communication, instruction, promotional and advertising
motion pictures.
This can be done with any background, plot and characters.
Here’s an example of Photoanimation:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ovvk7T8QUIU&feature=pla
yer_embedded
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2D Bitmap Graphics:
Bitmap images are made up of
pixels in a grid, these are small dots
of colours which together form what
is seen on the computer screen.
Bitmap graphics are dependent on
resolution. It is hard to re size an
image, if the image is increased in
size.
All scanned images are bitmap
images, and also all photo's taken
with a digital camera are also
bitmap images.
Common bitmap formats;
BMP - Bitmap File Format, GIF Graphics Interchange Format,
JPG/JPEG - Joint Photographic
Experts Group and more.
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2D Vector Graphics:
Vector graphics are based on
vectors.
The term vector graphics is typically
used only for 2D (planar) graphics
objects
They are made up of many
individual and scalable objects.
They're dined by mathematical
equations rather than pixels.
Popular vector drawing programs
are: Adobe Illustrator, Inkscape and
more.
Common Vector Formats include:
AI (Adobe Illustrator), SVG (scalable
vector graphics), WMF Windows
Metafile and more.
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It’s a Canadian Software Company, founded in
1994. Its aimed at home users and individuals,
which means students can use it.
Companies like Walt Disney, Nickelodeon Movies,
Warner Bros. Animation, and more use this
programme to develop a variation of things like
Films/Series/Programme and more.
It can be used for Traditional Digital or Paper
Animation, Stop-Motion, Mixed Media and CutOut Animation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZyx3KNog
qA
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It was created by Jonathan Gay.
Once an animation is done its normally distributed in the
SWF File format.
In the 1990’s due to bandwidth many artists created shorts
which they could stream.
Its able to integrate bitmaps however Flash Film are created
using only vector-based drawings.
Now as Flash animation is more popular its now taught in
schools throughout the UK as either a GCSE or A-Level.
Stan Lee from Marvel Comics made a site which showed
animated comic strips.
Here's an example of someone using Flash to make a
character walk:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qOuvtgAkyQ
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It was released in 1993 and then taken over by
Adobe in 1994 were the third version was released.
It’s a digital motion graphics, visual effects app.
Which is mainly used in post-production process
of filmmaking and television production. It can
also be used as an Video editor.
It allows 2D and 3D, it uses keyframing and it
contains many effects allowing the user to import
and manipulate a variation of image formats.
This website will delve you into After Effects and
teach you about some things:
http://www.videocopilot.net/basic/
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Anime Studio is a software which allows uploads
from other software's like Photoshop and allows to
upload to software's like Unity Game engine.
It works with vector based art, you can import or
record audio and it automatically lip-synchs it and
you can work in 2D or 3D.
Originally in 1999 called Moho. The name change
was in 2006 when the product manager said that it
should be called Anime Studio due to the fact it
works with the Japanese Art.
An epic video which shows you bit about Anime
Studio:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnxI0jkcIR4
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Joseph Plateau (Phenakistoscope:
He was a Belgian physicist who was the first
person to demonstrate the illusion of a moving
image.
He used two counter rotating discs with
repeating drawn images on one and one with
regularly spaced slits in the other.
He called it the Phenakistoscope in 1832.
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He was a British mathematician, schoolmaster,
headmaster and school keeper.
The modern invention of the zoetrope, has
been attributed to him.
• He created the Praxinoscope in 1877.
• Here's an example of his work:
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He was an English photographer for his work
in photographic studies of motion.
In 1877 and 1878 he used multiple cameras to
capture motion in stop-motion photographs
and his zoopraxiscope a device for projecting
motion pictures.
1874 he shot and killed his wife’s lover.
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He developed many devices that greatly
influenced life around the world including the
phonograph, the motion picture camera.
Also known as a Kinetograph. In 1891 he built
the Kinectoscope, or peep-hole viewer.
It was installed in penny arcades where it
allowed people to watch short, simple films.
They were both publicly exhibited May 20
1891.
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He was an American cartoonist, filmmaker and voice
actor.
He is known for his influence and contributions to
animation, he was the voice actor for Mickey. Because
of how famous he was he now has resorts all over the
world.
He started drawing at 4, he was introduced to motion
picture by a friend called Walter. As a freshman he
became a cartoonist for the school newspaper.
In 1923 he later extended Max Fleischer’s technique of
combining live action with cartoon characters to make
Alice’s Wonderland.
He later went off to develop, cast, take part in and
release a variation of movies/musicals.
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The cultural impact of Disney on America and
the rest of the world - possibly talk about the
advent of World War II for example and how
the films reflected that period.
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Techniques that he and his teams developed/
pioneered:
Find images and clips from the films to
illustrate your findings.
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H-B Production was an American animation
studio that dominated American television in
the mid to late 20th Century.
It was formed by William Hanna and Joseph
Barbera. They made lots of successful animated
show including The Flintstones, Yogi Bear,
Scooby-Doo, Tom and Jerry and more.
Hanna-Barbera was purchased from Taft and
then it used much of its back catalogue to
program its channel Cartoon Network, which
is still running today.
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Later Hanna-Barbera went and joined Warner
Bros. Entertainment Inc.
Its an American producer of film, television,
and music entertainment.
They weren’t noticed until 1924.
In 1926 the studio suffered a gigantic net loss.
They have a theatre called Warner’ Theatre.
1927 Jazz Singer was released which started the
silent era and combined sound and images for
the first time.
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He was a Scottish-born Canadian animator and
film director.
He did drawn-on-film animation, visual music,
abstract film, pixilation and graphical sound.
His early experiments were scratching and
painting film stock. As he didn’t have an access
to a camera.
He later went on to combine music and
animation. 1g
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He made the first animated film called
Humorous phases of funny faces.
He drew comical faces on a blackboard and
then filmed them.
He would keep doing this by erasing the face
and redrawing it differently.
This was the start of stop-motion.
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In 1911 he produced an animation using his
comic strip character called Little Nemo
He later went to produce another cartoon
called Gertie, The Trained Dinosaur in 1914
which consisted of 10,000 drawings.
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1824 Persistence of Vision  1831 Phenakistoscope
by Plateau  1872 Animals in Motion by
Eadweard  1889 Edison Kinetoscope  1892
Renynaud Celluloid  1906 First ever animated
film  1911 Winsor McCay produced an
animation using his comic strip character called
Little Nemo  1914 Cel Animation  1919 Felix
the Cat  1923 Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio 
1945 Animation done by directly drawing on film
 1972 First ever computer generated facial
animation  1993 Jurassic Park uses CG for
realistic living creatures  1995 Toy Story first
full-length 3D CG feature film.
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There were numerous of devices before motion picture. They were used to
entertain, amaze and more. The majority could only be viewed by one
person so they were considered toys but they’re still used and built today
for students to learn.
It then went to Traditional Animation which was were there were
sequences of figures moving.
Then came along the Silent Era which added music to moving images.
After that along came Stop Motion and then once the computer was made
people started to use CGI Animation which caused animation to move
from 2D to 3D.
Even now animation is still developing further releasing things like Oculus
Rift, which allows you to feel like your in a certain scenario like a Haunted
House
There is also 3D Glasses which are used at home and in the cinema to see
virtual 3D images. Animation is still used today to make famous kids
shows like Adventure Time and like Avatar the Movie, people are now
using Motion Capture and Facial Capture to put expressions and emotions
onto Animated Characters.
Here is a list of all the websites I used to gather information:
Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_animation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_McLaren
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Stuart_Blackton
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Barbera
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_George_Horner
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawn-on-film_animation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotoscoping
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetrope
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toon_Boom_Animation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_Studio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_After_Effects
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Blog Spot:
http://2danimationpp.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/2d-bitmap-graphics.html
http://2danimationpp.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/photographic-stills.html