Globalization
Theories
Theories
Globalisms
• Ideologies about globalization
• Categories are broad
• Encompass economic, political, cultural,
environmental elements
• Objectives
• Identify values
• Institute agenda
• Influence policies
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Theories
• 3 competing globalism theories
• Market
• Justice
• Religious
• Market is dominant
• Justice- political left
• Religious- religious right
• Not anti- but alter-globalization
• Why is market dominant? Why are the other
alter- instead of anti-?
• National-populists, economic protectionists
• American Tea Party, French Front Nationale
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Market Globalism
Market Globalism
About theory
• Values
• Free market norms
• Agenda
• Open economic interaction
• Influence policies
• Promote neoliberal norms in states, IOs
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Market Globalism
• Dominant paradigm
• Economic focus
• Depends on political structures
• Requires cultural interaction
• Common language for economic exchange
• Symbiotic relationship with environment
• Raw materials
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Market Globalism
Who pushes market globalism?
• MNCs
• Promoted by GN IOs
• IGOs: WTO, WB, IMF, OECD
• NGO: World Economic Forum (WEF)
• Business & political leaders, other select elites
• Consumer demand
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Market Globalism: Criticisms
Anti-market activities
• Ultra-nationalism
• ‘Buy American’
• Economic protectionism
• Tariffs, quotas, etc.
MG dominated by GN, big economies
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Market Globalism: Criticisms
Do you think the author offered a balanced
approach to these theories?
The Facts (and note about stats)
• MG is based on capitalist principles
• Must expand to thrive
• Exploitative
• System growth is asymmetrical
• More people benefit, but not everyone
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Justice Globalism
Justice Globalism
About theory
• Values
• Egalitarianism
• Agenda
• Global solidarity
• Distributive justice
• Influence policies
• Protect citizens
• Market globalism- ‘extreme profit strategies’
• Religious globalism- fundamentalism
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Justice Globalism
Concern for human beings
• Basic rights
• Food, clothing, shelter, etc.
• Abstract rights
• Freedom of religion, right to education, etc.
• Issues
• GN/GS disparities, environment, fair trade, labor,
women’s issues, sexual orientation, etc.
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Justice Globalism
• Result of ‘social justice movement’
• Local well-being in era of globalization
• Same global rights regardless of location
• Leftist reaction to MG
• Promote ‘global civil society’
• Network of NGOs
• World Social Forum- counter to WEF
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Justice Globalism
Battle in Seattle, 1999
• Anti-WTO protests
• Relied on globalization elements to be effective
• Simultaneous demonstrations around world
• Other meeting protests
• WB, IMF, WEF, EU Summit, etc.
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Justice Globalism: Criticisms
GN domination
• GN NGOs have more
• Money, technology, time, leverage, access
• Culturally dominate
• ‘We know best’ attitude
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Religious Globalism
Religious Globalism
About theory
• Values
• Reactionary religious zealotry
• Agenda
• Promote extreme fundamentalism
• Unite believers
• 1/3 of Muslims live as minorities = global plight for
Muslim fundamentalists
• Spread the word
• Influence policies
• Protect citizens
• Outside forces that dilute religious, community culture
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Religious Globalism
• An ideology, seeks to promote a religious cause
• Advocate violence to realize objectives
• Religious groups adopt this theory, seek to
implement
• Al-Qaeda, Muslim fundamentalism organization
• Jewish Defense League, militant Jewish organization
• Army of God, Christian terrorist anti-abortion
organization
• Saffron terror, right-wing Hindu nationalism movement
• Buddhist unrest in Sri Lanka; problems in
Burma/Myanmar
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Jihadism
• Eliminate western threat
• Promote religious state structure
• Unite global religious community
• Al-Qaeda most successful thus far
• Far-reaching
• Use glob. to facilitate mvt.
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Globalization Recap
• Theories
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Dominant- economic
Others- political, social
None mutually exclusive
Rely on globalization
• Criticisms of each
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