Mr. Weber

 1. What do you think of our textbook?
 How much did you read?



What did you like?
What did you not like so much?
What did you find difficult?
 2. How many pages do you anticipate reading tonight?

 Activator, agenda, and objective (10 minutes)
 First Americans Lecture / Chapter Outline (20 minutes)
 Columbus and De Las Casas reading (15 minutes)
 European’s View of Native Americans – observing primary sources (20-30 minutes)
 “Voices of Freedom” primary source analysis (30-45 minutes)
 APPARTS primary source strategy (10 minutes)
 Exit ticket and homework (5 minutes)

 You all will…
 Examine the transatlanic encounters between
Europeans and American Indians, focusing on Spain’s empire and the Pueblo Revolt.
 (From CollegeBoard’s AP topic #2).
 Analyze primary sources and record your observations in writing.

Ch. 1 Presentation
(20-30 minutes)

A. Arrival of Native
Americans
- Gradual settlement across Americas
- Environmental change and rise of agriculture
B. Aztec and Inca
Empires

C.
North American Indians


Wide-ranging and evolving societies
 Mississippi Valley
 Ohio River Valley
 Southwest
 West Coast
 Great Plains
 Southeast
 Northeast
Interrelations among Indian societies



Trade
Diplomacy
War
D. North American Indians
3.
4.
5.
Distinguishing factors among Indian societies
 Political organization
 Religious beliefs
 Language
 Absence of shared identity
Common characteristics among Indian societies
 Spiritual outlook
 Place of ritual




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Views on natural and supernatural
Views on secular and religious
Conceptions of property
Relative lack of material inequality
Systems of gender relations
European disdain for Indian customs and values

Indian conceptions of freedom
Basis in collective belonging, self-determination, mutuality
Absence of basis in individual autonomy, private property
European incomprehension of
European conceptions of freedom
Christian liberty
Freedom from sin
No freedom of religious choice
Freedom and inequality in early modern England
Emphasis on ordered, hierarchical society
Gender hierarchies
Class hierarchies
Unequal distribution of freedoms



Initial aims


Commercial sea route to Asia
Circumvention of Islamic middlemen
Slavery and Africa


Traditional patterns of African slavery
Acceleration of slave trade following
European arrival
Eastward expansion


Portugal’s exploration, extension of trading empire
 West Africa
 Cape of Good Hope


India


Far East
Portugal’s colonization of Atlantic islands
Sugar plantations
Slaves from Africa
Westward expansion
 Voyages of Christopher Columbus
 Quest for westward route to Asia
 Sponsorship of Spain


First Spanish presence in New World
 Settlements at Hispaniola
 Explorations by Amerigo Vespucci
First English and Portuguese presence in
New World
 John Cabot (Newfoundland)
 Pedro Cabral (Brazil)


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Motivations
 Demographic consequences
Acquisition of wealth
National glory “Columbian exchange” of goods and people
Spread of Catholicism

The Conquistadores
 Vasco Nú ň ez de Balboa’s expedition to
Panama, the Pacific
 Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition around the world




Hernán Cortés’s conquest of the Aztecs
 Background on Aztec empire
 Defeat, devastation, subjugation of the
Aztecs
Francisco Pizarro’s conquest of the Incas
Background on Inca empire
Defeat, devastation, subjugation of the
Incas
 Devastation of Indian population
 Breadth and magnitude
 Causes
 War
 Enslavement
 Disease

Spanish conquistadores murdering Indians at Cuzco, in modern-day
Peru. The Dutch-born engraver Theodor de Bry and his sons illustrated ten volumes about New World exploration published between 1590 and 1618. A Protestant, de Bry created vivid images that helped to spread the Black Legend of Spain as a uniquely cruel colonizer.

Spain and the Indians
 Dual agenda of saving souls and exploiting labor
 External restraints on brutalization of Indians

 Pope Paul III’s ban on
Indian enslavement
 Bartolomé de las Casas’s
Destruction of the Indies
 Spanish reforms of colonist-Indian relations


Abolition of Indian enslavement
Abolition of encomienda system
 Implementation of repartimiento system
Continuing abuse of Indians
Colonial labor system at end of sixteenth century


Involuntary wage labor by
Indians
Slave labor by Africans
Emergence of Black Legend image of Spanish colonizers
Spanish explorations of North
America



Motivations
 Riches
Strategic bases
Religious conversion

Spanish explorations of North
America
2.
Exploratory expeditions
Juan Ponce de Léon
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
Hernando de Soto
Cabeza de Vaca
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
3.
Devastation of Indian communities
4.
Establishment of Spanish settlements
In present-day Southeast
In present-day Southwest

Pueblo Revolt
 Sources of Pueblo resentment of colonial authorities
 Labor exploitation
 Pressure to convert to
Catholicism


Assault on Pueblo religious traditions
Failure to protect Pueblos from drought, external attacks



The 1680 Revolt
 Popé
 Background
 Leadership
Unity of Pueblo rebels
Defeat and ouster of Spanish colonizers
Pueblo Revolt
3.



Aftermath of revolt
 Eradication of Spanish cultural presence
Collapse of Pueblo unity
Return of Spanish colonial rule
Easing of colonial practices toward Pueblos


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Overall significance The Dutch empire
 As part of Atlantic rivalry with
Spain
Establishment and scope of
 Place within Dutch commercial empire Modesty of, compared to
Spanish empire
 Conceptions of liberty and toleration
The French empire
 Social and economic arrangements Initial aims
Initial obstacles  Limits of growth
Establishment and scope of  Relations with Indians
Relations with Indians
Social and economic arrangements
Limits of growth

 Christopher Columbus:
 Rethinking Schools , pp.89-102
 Lies My Teacher Told
Me , pp.38-39.
 De Las Casas
 History of the Indies

 What do you see?
 (Write down only observations based on the document).

 Turn to pp.38-39 in Give Me Liberty!
 In groups examine either Bartolome de Las Casas’ History of the
Indies or Josephe’s “Declaration of Joseph.”
 Answer the following questions:


1. Observation: What kind of document is it? What is the title?
Who is the author? When was it written? For what audience was it written?
2. Expression: What do you find interesting or important about this document? Is there a particular phrase or section you find particularly meaningful or surprising?
 3. Connection: What does this document tell us about life at the time it was written? What ideas of freedom are apparent in the document?

 Continue reading Give Me Liberty! Ch.1 pp.1-40 due
Tuesday.
 Zinn reading questions.
 Prepare for debate tomorrow.