Bluebook 101:
Short Citation Forms
(id., supra, hereinafter)
R. 4 (and others)
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Purpose of Citation
Citations enable your reader
to find the sources you cite
to evaluate your argument based (in
part) on what you cite
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Short forms help readers by
• streamlining footnotes
while
• preserving the ability to find and
assess cited material
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Compare
12.
Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel,
716 F.Supp. 479 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.).
13. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel,
716 F.Supp. 479, 480 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.).
14. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel,
716 F.Supp. 479, 480 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.).
15. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel,
716 F.Supp. 479, 481 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.).
16. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel,
716 F.Supp. 479, 481 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.).
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with
12.
Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel,
716 F.Supp. 479 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.).
13. Id. at 480.
14. Id.
15. Id. at 481.
16. Id.
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Id.
• short for “idem” (Latin for “same”)
• used when citing the very same thing you
cited just before
• can be different page or section or even
volume
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Examples
25.
United States v. Am. Library Ass’n, 539 U.S.
194 (2003)
26. Id.
27. Id. at 203.
28. See 3 J. PETTIGREW SCHOLAR, BIG TREATISE ON LAW
§ 14.6 (2006).
29. See id. at § 15.7.
30. 4 id. at § 23.1 (2005).
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Id. used within a footnote
60.
See, e.g., Dan Jerker B. Svantesson, Geo-Location
Technologies and Other Means of Placing Borders on
the ‘Borderless' Internet, 23 J. MARSHALL J. COMPUTER &
INFO. L. 101, 137 (2004) (arguing that “geo-location
technologies may...eliminate the regulatory
difficulties associated with the Internet's
‘borderlessness”’); see also id. at 109-14 (describing
filtering technologies available for website operators
and accuracy rates).
120 Harv. L. Rev. 1031, 1041 (2007)
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What’s wrong with this?
54.
See, e.g., This Guy v. That Guy, 390 F.3d 123
(9th Cir. 2007); Whosis v. Whatchamacallit,
330 F.3d 321 (6th Cir. 2005).
55. Id.
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Supra and hereinafter
OK to use for:
books
articles
reports
nonprint sources
legislative hearings
internal cross-refs
Generally not OK to use
for:
cases
statutes
constitutions
restatements
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Font
• Use the same font as if citing the
whole work – e.g.,
–large and small caps for book authors
–ordinary roman for author of law
review article
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Examples
107. JANE
K. WINN & BENJAMIN WRIGHT, THE LAW OF
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE § 3.3 (4th ed. 2007).
108. This Company v. That Company, 200 P.3d 789
(Cal. 2005).
109. See WINN & WRIGHT, supra note 107.
110. See also Svantesson, supra note 60, at 120.
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Use Hereinafter
• if supra form would be cumbersome
• if supra form would be ambiguous
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Examples
84.
See U.S. GEN. ACCOUNTING OFFICE, CHARITABLE
CHOICE: FEDERAL GUIDANCE ON STATUTORY PROVISIONS
COULD IMPROVE CONSISTENCY OF IMPLEMENTATION 2223 (2002) [hereinafter GAO, CHARITABLE CHOICE].
Other stuff, another source.
85. See GAO, CHARITABLE CHOICE, supra note 84, at
22-23.
116 Harv. L. Rev. 1353, 1377 (2003)
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Word Tips for Cross-References
• Legal Andrew, Harness the Power of Word
Cross-References for Mammoth Documents
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University of Washington School of Law
Box 353025
Seattle WA 98195-3025
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We are happy to have our guides used by other libraries,
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attribution, such as: "Adapted from a guide by Mary Whisner
at the Gallagher Law Library website."
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