Participatory Rural Appraisal
and
Rapid Rural Appraisal
Sundar Neupane
History of Development thought
• 1950:
• 1960:
• 1970:
Reconstruction/transfer of capital/
modernization
Transfer of technology, Economic
nationalization
Integrated rural development
community participation ( RRA)
• 1980:
Participatory approach
community empowerment (PRA)
• 1990:
Sustainable development and
Human development
• 2000:
People-led Development
RRA
• RRA is a fusion of qualitative methodologies
and techniques of geography and the social
science. It is an attempt to introduce a
systematic qualitative approach to achieve the
goal of sustainable livelihood security at the
level of village, community or group.
• Convey and Litvinoff
PRA is a growing family of approaches
and methods to enable local people
to share , enhance and analyze their
knowledge of life and conditions and
to plan, act, monitor and evaluate.
RobertChambers
PRA is a methodology for interacting with
local people, understanding them and
learning from them. It involves a set of
principles, a process of communication
and a menu of methods for seeking
people’s participation and enabling them to
do their own analysis with a view to make
use of learning.
Principles of PRA
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Optimal Ignorance
Seeking Diversity
Offsetting Biases and Triangulating
Listening and Learning
Seven edicts of PRA
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Go to the people
Live with them
Serve them
Respect them
Plan with them
Start with what they know
Build on what they have
The Foundation of PRA
1. Attitude/Behaviour
2. Methods
3. Sharing
Facilitators Attitude for PRA
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Unlearn to learn
Ground to Paper
Willingness to get dirty
Optimal Ignorance
Indirect means
Ten myths about PRA
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That it is quick.
That it is easy.
That anyone can do it.
That it is ‘just’ fancy techniques.
That it is based on particular
disciplinary perspectives.
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That it has no theoretical base.
That it is a new invention
That training is the answer.
That social actors involved are
neutral.
• That it is non political.
Some guidelines for PRA
•Try to make maximum participation
•Respect to all
•Always ask open question
•Try to visualize the question
•More listen and less Speak.
•Don’t be bias while discussing
•Handover the leadership as much as fast
•Respect to local culture
•Focus on participation rather than information
Methods /tools used in PRA
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Participatory mapping
( Social map & Recourse map)
Problem tree
Transect walk
Seasonal calendar
Timelines
Ranking/Scoring
Venn diagram
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Mobility map
Focus group discussion
Semi structure interview
Empowerment cycle
Spider chart
Thank you
Sundar Neupane