Mycotoxins in Ruminants
for Food Safety
反刍动物霉菌毒素对食品安全的危害
by Scott Fleetwood, Ph.D
.
Executive Director
Global Industry and Government Policy and Affairs
全球产业政策与政府事务执行理事，诺伟司国际公司
A Safe Food Supply Is
Critical
食品安全是关键
• Consumers must have a high level of trust that the food they eat is safe
消费者必须高度信任他们所吃的食品是安全的
• Outbreaks of food borne diseases damage the reputation of the suppliers in
the chain individually and collectively
食源性疾病的爆发损害了食品供应链中个别或者全体供应商的声誉
• Understanding and implementing best practice processes will help ensure a
safe food supply and trust with consumers around the world.
理解和实施最佳食品安全生产管理将确保全球性的安全食品供应和消费者
信赖
The Novus
Story
诺伟司故事
• Born in 1991 out of the scientific heritage of Monsanto
立于1991年，科技源于孟山都公司
成
• Growing under Mitsui & Co. (USA) Inc. and Nippon Soda Co, Ltd.成长于
三井物产（美国）有限公司和日本曹达有限公司
• Multiple Product Families Based on Science
系列均基于科学的研究
丰富的产品
• Portfolio Leveraged Across Multiple Species in Global Markets在全球
市场跨越多个物种的产品组合
• Team of Industry Experts with Deep Market Knowledge
具备深厚市场知识的行业专家组成的团队
• Programs Designed to Address Customer ROI & Challenge
满足客户的投资回报率和解决问题的产品方案
由
旨在
The Novus Story
诺伟司故事
• Sales totaling 1.1 Billion USD
销售总额近1.1亿美元
• Over 900 employees around the world
全世界有900多名员工
• Conducting business in over 95 countries
业务遍及95个多国家
• Serving more than 2500 customers globally
服务全球2500多名客户
The Novus
Story
诺伟司故事
Vision/远景
To help feed the world affordable,
wholesome food and achieve a
higher
quality of life.
为全球提供质优、价廉的健康食品
，实现优质生活。
Mission/使命
Make a clear difference in
sustainably meeting the growing
global needs for nutrition and
health.
在可持续满足全球营养和健康需
要上，作出显著成绩 。
生产性能
动物福利
环境保护
食品安全
Food Safety Activity in
China
中国食品安全行动
Mycotoxin occurrence in feed and feedstuffs of
China in 2009
中国饲料中的霉菌毒素污染情况,2009
All
Samples
Corn
Feed
Fermented
Corn By-product
Wheat &
Wheat Bran
SBM/CSM/RSM
Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in 244 China
samples (feed and feedstuffs), 2009
244种中国饲料和原料中霉菌毒素污染情况，2009
No mycotoxins
detected
1 mycotoxin detected
2 mycotoxins detected
3 mycotoxins detected
4 or more
mycotoxins detected
Fact: Some rumen microbes (and protozoa) degrade
myxotoxins
事实: 反刍动物瘤胃微生物能降解霉菌毒素
BUT HOW MUCH?
但是，降解多少？
Ruminal Detoxification 反刍动物的解毒作用
Natural Bioconversion in the Rumen
瘤胃自发的生物转化能力
Metabolized
Non- Metabolized
（降解）
（未降解）
0-42 %
58 – 100 %
Zearalenone
90 %
10 %
玉米赤霉烯酮
-Zearalenol
10 x more oestrogenic
BUT oestrogenic
metabolites
35 %
Rumen-pH sensitive
65 %
High ?
?
Aflatoxin
黄曲霉毒素
DON
呕吐毒素
Ochratoxin A
赫曲霉毒素A
Jouany and Diaz 2005
Sources of mycotoxins for ruminants
反刍动物霉菌毒素的来源
Feed supply 饲料
料
料
-
Grain 谷物
Forage 干草
Bedding
牛舍
Straw
Litter
-
Silage 青贮
Pasture 牧草
稻草
垫料
Mycotoxin contamination in silage, hay
and corn straw samples, China (n=19)
中国青贮料，干草和秸秆霉菌毒素污染调查
positive %
44.4
23.1
AfB1
ZON
57.9
DON
35.3
FUM B1
100.0
T2-Toxin
positive %
阳性检出率
Average ppb
平均值 ppb
median ppb
中值 ppb
AfB1
ZON
DON
FUM B1
T2
57.9
35.3
100.0
23.1
44.4
12
3716
559
602
156
12
942
306
361
115
Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Lactating Dairy Cattle
哺乳期牛奶中黄曲霉毒素M1水平
Feed : Milk =2%
饲料：牛奶 =2%
去除黄曲霉毒素
添加黄曲霉毒素
天
Diaz et al. Mycopathologia 2004
China regulation: AFB1 limits in feed
and feedstuffs
GB 13078-2001，ppb
中国政府对饲料及原料中黄曲霉毒素B1的浓度限制
Feed type
Allowance
（ppb）
Peanut meal, rapeseed meal, cotton seed meal
花生饼，菜籽，棉籽
Soybean meal 豆粕
Dairy cattle concentration supplement
奶牛精料
Beef cattle concentration supplement
肉牛精料
≤50
Corn 玉米
≤30
≤10
≤50
China regulation: OTA and ZON limits
in feed and corn
GB 13078.2 -2006，ppb
中国政府对饲料及玉米中
赫曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮的浓度限制
Feed type
Allowance
（ppb）
OTA
赫曲霉毒素
Compound feed, corn
复合饲料，玉米
≤ 100
ZON
玉米赤霉烯酮
Compound feed, corn
复合饲料，玉米
≤ 500
China regulation: DON limits in feed
GB 130subtitil78.3 -2008，ppm
中国政府对饲料中呕吐毒素的浓度限制
Feed type
Allowance
(ppm)
Compound feed for calf
小牛复合饲料
≤1
Compound feed for lactation animal
泌乳期复合饲料
≤1
Compound feed for cattle
普通牛复合饲料
≤5
What is a safe level of
Mycotoxin?
霉菌毒素的允许含量是多少？
• There are NO safe levels
没有允许含量
• Risk is dependent on the concentration
霉菌毒素的危害性程度取决于其存在的浓
度
• Depends on the presence of other mycotoxins
取决于其他霉菌毒素存在与否
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Mycotoxin
management
霉菌毒素管理
• Mycotoxins are the drop
that fills the cup.
They showcase deficiencies in production and
management programs
霉菌毒素的存在可以反应企业在生产和管理过程中存在的问题
• Subclinical losses are also key
无临床症状所造成的损失同样不容忽视
• Total nutrition综合营养管理方案
– Mineral/vitamin nutrition补充有机微量元素/维生素
– Amino Acid nutrition补充氨基酸
– Gut health (MOS, Yeast, Organic Acids) 维护肠道健康（MOS、酵母、有
机酸）
– Feed quality/stability of nutrients (Vitamin E)确保营养物质的品质/稳定
性（维生素E）
– Link between nutrition and health把营养与健康相结合
18
Thank You!
ขอบคุณ
Merci
mulţumesc
Obrigado
谢谢
Благодаря ви
Asante sana
cảm ơn lắm
Gracias