Single Pilot Resource
Management (SRM)
And The CFI
Applying SRM within
the Practical Test
Standards
Presented to: CFI Open Forum
By: FAASTeam
Date: June 27, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
OBJECTIVE
• Using the Private, Commercial, and Instrument
Practical Test Standards as Reference, we will
present Single Pilot Resource Management for
Certificated Flight Instructors to assist them in
understanding the subject and incorporating it
in their lesson plans. This presentation is
intended to be interactive and your questions
and comments are welcome.
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
2
What is Single Pilot Resource
Management (SRM)?
• SRM is defined as the art and science of
managing all resources (both onboard the
aircraft and from outside sources) available
to a single pilot (prior to and during flight)
to ensure the successful outcome of the
flight. (FAA-S-8081-14B Private Pilot PTS)
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
3
SRM
SRM is about helping pilots to gather
information and make decisions. It includes:
• Aeronautical Decision Making
• Risk Management
• Task Management
• Situational Awareness
• CFIT Awareness
• Automation Management
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
4
Aeronautical Decision Making
(ADM)
• Use a sound decision making process
(DECIDE, 3P)
• Recognize and Explain Hazardous Attitudes
• Decide and Execute an Appropriate Course
of Action
• Explain the Elements of Risk Management
to include: CFIT Awareness, Situational
Awareness, Automation and Task
Management
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
5
Risk Management
• Utilize Risk Management Tools to assess
potential risk during both preflight and
actual flight.
• Tools: PAVE, IMSAFE, Weather Reports and
Forecasts, 5P Model
• How to Recognize and Mitigate Risks
throughout the flight
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
6
Task Management
• Prioritize various tasks associated with
planning and executing of the flight.
• Complete tasks in a timely manner
• Avoid distractions
• Do not increase workload at critical times
during flight.
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
7
Situational Awareness
The accurate perception and understanding of
all factors and conditions within the 4
fundamental risk elements that affect safety
before, during, and after flight.
The 4 Risk Elements:
• Pilot
• Aircraft
• Environment
• External Factors
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
8
CFIT Awareness
• Accurate assessment of risks associated
with terrain and obstacles
• Flight plan to avoid hazardous terrain and
obstacles
• Be prepared for hazards in diversions
• Use current charts
• Knowledge of TAWS and GPWS if installed
• Be aware of aircraft performance issues
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
9
Automation Management
• Must make effective use of automation
features installed on the aircraft
• Autopilots and flight management systems
• Knowledge of Mode and Status
• Use in reducing pilot workload including
normal and emergency situations
• Recognition of unanticipated modes and
return to correct mode
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
10
P.A.V.E.
•
•
•
•
Pilot
Aircraft
enVironment
External Pressures
These are the 4 categories of flight where
hazards and risk are found.
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
11
IMSAFE
•
•
•
•
•
•
Illness
Medication
Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue
Eating
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
12
3p
This is the process used in aeronautical
decision making:
• Perceive
• Process
• Perform
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
13
5P
•
•
•
•
•
Plan
Plane
Pilot
Passengers
Programming
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
14
D.E.C.I.D.E.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Detect
Estimate
Choose
Identify
Do
Evaluate
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
15
Hazardous Attitudes
•
•
•
•
•
Anti Authority – Don’t tell me
Impulsivity – Do something quickly
Invulnerability – It won’t happen to me
Macho – I can do it
Resignation – What’s the use?
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
16
Antidotes for Hazardous Attitudes
• Anti Authority – Follow the rules they are
usually right.
• Impulsivity – Not so fast. Think First.
• Invulnerability – It could happen to me.
• Macho – Taking chances is foolish.
• Resignation – I’m not helpless, I can make a
difference.
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
17
Scenarios
• The Private, Commercial, and Instrument
PTS now require the DPE to use
“scenarios” to evaluate an applicant’s
judgment and aeronautical decision making.
• A scenario gives the examiner an
opportunity to test an applicant’s ability to
“correlate” as opposed to demonstrating
rote knowledge.
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
18
Scenario Based Training (SBT)
• A training method that uses a highly
structured script of real world experiences
to address aviation training objectives in an
operational environment.
• (Aviation Instructor’s Handbook FAA-80839A, Chapter 6 Planning Instructional
Activity)
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
19
What is a Scenario?
• A script that will prompt a student to
analyze conditions, make decisions, and
take actions.
• Developed by the CFI who’s role is to
supervise and evaluate the outcome.
• The student should be allowed to “execute”
it on his/her own.
• The outcome should be evaluated by both
student and CFI
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
20
Group Discussion
• DPE Examples of Scenarios used during
Practical Tests
• Questions
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
21
Group Discussion
•
•
•
•
•
CFI examples of Scenarios used in training
When do you start introducing them?
Flight Scenarios
Non flight Scenarios
How do we conduct scenario based training
and not neglect the basics of airmanship
and other important flight skills?
• Will this add time and expense to flight
training?
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
22
Grading Scenario Performance
•
•
•
•
How is this graded on a Practical Test?
Discuss Pass Fail Criteria
The Examiner’s role during a test scenario
Completion of other PTS tasks during the
scenario
• Ensuring the student/applicant is prepared
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
23
Other PTS Considerations
• Ensure you are using the most current PTS
• Ensure the student/applicant is familiar with
the PTS
• Know the Instructor Responsibilities
• Know the Special Emphasis Areas
• Review the Introduction
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
24
Additional CFI Activity
• This subject is targeted towards the PTS
and new pilots. It can also help experienced
pilots.
• CFIs should utilize SRM during flight
reviews, Wings Program activity, and
aircraft check outs.
• CFIs should encourage pilots who have lost
currency to fly with instructors in between
required reviews.
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
25
Conclusion
• The proper training of Single Pilot Resource
Management knowledge and skills will
result in a significant improvement in
general aviation safety.
• CFIs and DPEs are the key to successful
implementation of this program.
• Thank you all for your participation in our
FAASTeam CFI Open Forum Program today.
CFI Open Forum, SRM
June 20, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
26