Classroom Demonstration of Experimental Method using Levels of Processing Theory Laura A. Powell and Jack Shelly-Tremblay University of South Alabama, Department of Psychology Levels of Processing Theory (LOP) Craik and Lockhart (1972) depth of processing Sensory analysis (Structural) Pattern recognition (Phonemic) Stimulus elaboration (Semantic) Depth of processing leads to increases in retention Craik and Tulving (1975) Experiment 9: A Classroom Demonstration PSY 320 Research Design and Analysis II Writing Component Course Four progressively longer APA manuscript papers Paper 1- Results section (Chi Square) Paper 2- Methods and Results sections (Correlation) Paper 3- LOP literature review Paper 4- full APA manuscript on LOP experiment One Credit PSY 321 lab course attached R statistical program LOP Demonstration Informed Consent Intentional learning- “take a short test” Answer sheet instructions Structural Craik upper vs. lower case and Tulving, 1975 Phonemic- counting syllables Semantic- pleasant vs. unpleasant Hyde and Jenkins, 1973 Answer Sheet Instructions Structural Answer Sheet You are about to see a list of 20 words. Your task is to determine whether the word is written in uppercase or lowercase letters. Below write U for uppercase and L for lower case. Please mark your decision next to the appropriate number for each word. Look carefully because each word will only be presented once. Do not discuss this task with others until the task is complete. You are about to see a list of 20 words. Your task is to determine whether the word is written in uppercase or lowercase letters. Below write U for uppercase and L for lower case. Please mark your decision next to the appropriate number for each word. Look carefully because each word will only be presented once. Do not discuss this task with others until the task is complete. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ Answer Sheet Instructions Structural Answer Sheet Phonemic Answer Sheet You are about to see a list of 20 words. Your task is to determine whether the word is written in uppercase or lowercase letters. Below write U for uppercase and L for lower case. Please mark your decision next to the appropriate number for each word. Look carefully because each word will only be presented once. Do not discuss this task with others until the task is complete. determine the number of syllables in each word as it is presented. For example, if the first word has three syllables, write 3 in the first space. Semantic Answer Sheet rate each word as it is presented in terms of how pleasant the word is to you. Below write U for unpleasant and P for pleasant. Stimulus Words problem TOMORROW enemy MILK religion air CHIEF friend journal machine winter saturday OCEAN LIBERTY WOUND sister HISTORY MEDICINE rest bear LOP Demonstration Recall task Turn your sheet over and write as many words as you can remember. Debriefing and Paper Assignments Paper 3- LOP literature review Analysis of data using “R” statistical program One way ANOVA with post hoc tests if LOP is significant Two way ANOVA if you add other IVs Paper 4- full APA manuscript on LOP experiment LOP Results Spring 2013 • N = 30 • 19 Females and 11 Males Post hoc comparisons Structural – Phonemic p = 0.085 Structural – Semantic p < 0.001 Phonemic – Semantic p = 0.054 LOP Results Fall 2008-Spring 2013 • N = 737 Post hoc comparisons Structural – Phonemic p < 0.001 Structural – Semantic p < 0.001 Phonemic – Semantic p < 0.001 Gender Results Spring 2011-2013 Gender Total Female 83 Male 50 Total 133 Gender Results Spring 2011-2013 Levels of Processing Gender Structural Phonemic Semantic Total Female 28 26 29 83 Male 17 18 15 50 45 44 44 133 Total LOP Results Spring 2011-2013 Post hoc comparisons Structural – Phonemic p = 0.022 Structural – Semantic p < 0.001 Phonemic – Semantic p < 0.001 Interaction Spring 2011-2013 Conclusions Levels of Processing can be a successful demonstration the experimental method one or two way ANOVA and post hoc tests Full APA manuscript Encourage students to encode information at the Semantic level Limitations PSY students may have some knowledge of Levels of Processing PSY 120 - General Psychology PSY 416 - Cognition Some PSY students may have encountered LOP experiment in other classes Contact Information Laura Powell lpowell@southalabama.edu Jack Shelly-Tremblay jstremblay@southalabama.edu