DIMACS/CCICADA Interdisciplinary
Seminar Series, Spring 2012
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
James P. Wojtowicz, CCICADA/Rutgers University
March 26, 2012
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
welcome & acknowledgements
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
motivation
Practice:
Complex Operational
Responsibilities/Issues/Problems
‘Big Data’ Analytics:
Theoretical Knowledge,
Research & Methodologies
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
motivation
Practice:
Complex Operational
Responsibilities/Issues/Problems
challenge of meeting mission responsibilities
‘Big Data’ Analytics:
Theoretical Knowledge,
Research & Methodologies
sophisticated approaches and techniques
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
motivation

Practice:
Complex Operational
Responsibilities/Issues/Problems
address of
real-world problems
potential mutual benefit
‘Big Data’ Analytics:
Theoretical Knowledge,
Research & Methodologies
advance science
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
goal
attempt to formulate a real-world question in the context of . . .

Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
objectives
provide a foundation of the mission (and other) components of practice
describe an issue in terms of practice and science
use correctional system as example
engage discussion and feedback from . . .
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
example taken from:
Preliminary Flow Analysis of the New Jersey State Correctional System
(Partners: Fretz, Boros, Altiok & Wojtowicz)
analysis of offender flow (intake to discharge)
process simulation - - resource (and mission) optimization
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
understanding the operational entity
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
general components
mission
definition
philosophies
rules, regulations
constituents
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
components of corrections
definition: loss of liberty
defines primary function
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
components of corrections
philosophies
constituents
rules, regulations (documentation)
NJSA – Title 2C
incapacitation
offenders
laws
punishment
public
regulations
NJAC – 10A:
restoration
taxpayers
guidelines
Brimage – plea agree.
rehabilitation
victims
policies
families
insight: internal
& external
influences
stakeholders
provide definitions,
logic, constraints
P&P
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
components of corrections
mission
defines entity priorities
defines the outcomes, measures and objectives
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
components of corrections
correctional mission (dual)
Safety & Security
of custody, staff public
and offender
Offender care &
Rehabilitation
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
components of corrections
correctional mission (dual+)
safety & security
of custody, staff public
and offender
offender care &
rehabilitation
financial management
(responsibility)
security vs. economics
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
components of corrections
correctional mission (dual+)
safety & security
of custody, staff
public and offender
offender care &
rehabilitation
financial
management
(responsibility)
criminal justice
system mission
public safety
administration of justice
enforcement of laws
reduction of crime
maintain basic rules of civil society
safeguard Constitutional rights
all these have to be considered
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
components of corrections
mission
definition
philosophies
rules, regulations
constituents
system
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
viewing corrections as a system
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society: A report by the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration
of Justice, US Government Printing Office, February 1967
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections is a system
time driven - - movement driven
ENTRY
- volume
- rates
ENTITIES
- participants
- attributes
EXIT
- volume
- rates
- feedback
FLOW-PROCESS
- resources
- capacities
- utilization
- bottlenecks
- costs
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
system definitions & components
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
intake - entry
identifiable rate volume
CJ system
law enforcement
- laws
- priorities
- prosecution
diversion programs
- drug court
sentencing
prevention
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
intake - entry
identifiable rate volume
entities – offenders - characteristics
risk factors (static
health
and dynamic)
faith
CJ system
demographic
law enforcement
- laws
- priorities
- prosecution
criminal history
diversion programs
- drug court
sentencing
motivation
education
substance
involvement
skills
(employment)
behavior (inst.
prevention
adjustment, program
participation, etc.
Note: flow analysis proposal planned for ~51,000 entities for the
period 1/1/07 to 12/31/10
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
intake - entry
identifiable rate volume
entities – offenders - characteristics
risk factors (static
health
and dynamic)
release - exit
identifiable rate volume
faith
CJ system
demographic
law enforcement
- laws
- priorities
- prosecution
criminal history
diversion programs
- drug court
sentencing
motivation
education
substance
involvement
skills
(employment)
behavior (inst.
prevention
types
adjustment, program
participation, etc.
Parole
Death
Walkaway
Pardon
Medical
Max
Escape
ISP
Court
Interstate
diversion programs
- ISP
- alternatives
-early release
parole
process
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process
resources
housing
locations
- county jails
- reception
- prison complex
- community
corrections
types
- male vs. female
- youth vs. adult
- specific purpose
- community
corrections:
assessment centers,
work release, substance
abuse, treatment,
special needs
security levels
- close
- max
- med
-gang min
- full min
- community
corrections
Source: NJAC 10A:9
approximately 150 bed locations/types
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process
resources
housing capacity - utilization
unknown
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
TOTAL INMATES IN NEW JERSEY STATE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND SATELITE UNITS
TOTAL INMATES
PRISON COMPLEX
ADTC
Bayside –
Bayside – Farm
Bayside – Ancora
BAYSIDE TOTAL
CRAF – Jones Farm
CRAF – Reception
CRAF TOTAL
East Jersey –
– Camp
TOTAL
EDNA MAHAN TOTAL
MIDSTATE TOTAL
NJ State Prison – Ad Seg
Female
NJ State Prison –
NJ STATE PRISON TOTAL
Northern State –
Northern State – Ad Seg Male
NORTHERN STATE TOTAL
SOUTHERN STATE TOTAL
SOUTH WOODS TOTAL
23,810
16,867 YOUTH COMPLEX
3,893
713 GARDEN STATE TOTAL
1,801
1,177 MOUNTAINVIEW
1,054
TOTAL
693 Wagner –
609
317 Wagner – Ad Seg
290
2,187 Wagner – Minimum Units
139
278 WAGNER TOTAL
1,038
639 OTHER FACILITIES
3,050
917 Central Medical Unit
8
1,364
178
113 Halfway Houses
2,864
1,477
OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS REPORT ON JANUARY 3, 2012
747 Source:
(www.state.nj.us/corrections/pages/offender_stats.html)
690
27 housing capacities & utilization (?) 
1,922
1,949
1,918
556
2,474
2,337
3,376
reported population
Limited information on varying bed types
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process
resources
programming
locations
- reception
- prison complex
- community
corrections
settings
- institutional
- residential
- classroom
- integration
Source(s): www.state.nj.us/corrections &
www.nj.gov/transparency/performance/corrections/
types
- educational
- vocational
- drug treatment
- drug education
- job readiness
- reentry
- parenting
- demonstrations
- victim based
- community
corrections:
assessment centers,
work release,
substance abuse,
treatment, special
needs
security levels
- close
- max
- med
-gang min
- full min
- community
corrections
capacities and utilization:
some known - - some
unknown
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
challenges of a correctional programming
fidelity
setting
motivation
philosophies
Priorities (time vs. movement)
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process
process
assessments
types
- med./psych.
- addiction
- education
- risk
- others . . .
locations
- reception
- prison complex
- community
corrections
frequency
- not at all
- multiple times
- voluntary
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process
process
classification
- objective classification system: OCS (risk of inst. infraction – research based)
- scoring system
-
(neg. – 0 – positive)
static and dynamic factors
set cut points – security levels
a  OCS = max
b  OCS < a = med
OCS < b = min
b<a
-
- initial, periodic and cause (offenders will have many score values over time)
- dynamic: score can lower, score can raise
- score overrides: no security level progression despite appropriate score or security level
progression without appropriate score
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process
process
time
-
with certain exceptions (mandatory minimums), an offenders’ time in the system is dynamic
-
distribution of time in the system over all participants
-
time credits to reduce the maximum sentence term (behavior, job, custody status)
-
parole eligibility formula
-
parole decision
-
infractions and penalties
-
programs have set durations or ranges
-
assessment completion time
-
time criteria for program participation
-
time restrictions on custody status movements
-
time restrictions on community corrections participation
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process
process
motion
offenders travel from intake to release
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process - measures
process-measures
costs
COST  POPULATION
recent cost figure: $49,000/year/offender (Gov. Christie:
AP – 2/27/12)
Source: state.nj.us/governor
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process - measures
process-measures
costs
housing
related to the level of security - supervision (see NJAC
10A:9): assume - - close  max  med  gang min 
full min ( community*)
programming
assessments
medical
operational
transportation
administrative
other
housing state offenders in county jails is expensive
(bottleneck)
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process - measures
process-measures
costs
COST  POPULATION
POPULATION MANAGEMENT
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process - measures
process-measures
costs
POPULATION MANAGEMENT
Pre-incarceration
Post-confinement
CORRECTIONS
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process - measures
POPULATION MANAGEMENT
process-measures
costs
Pre-incarceration
Post-confinement
CORRECTIONS
Diversionary programs
Sentencing reform
Drug Court
Prevention strategies
Law Enforcement Priorities
Diversionary programs
Intensive Supervision Program(ISP)
Early Release
Alternatives to Incarceration
Parole release
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process - measures
process-measures
costs
COST TRAJECTORY
higher cost
offender
CORRECTIONS
.
.
lower cost
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
trajectories impact costs
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process - measures
process-measures
outcomes
recidivism
re-arrest, reconviction, re-incarceration
employment
recovery
health
internal and/or external
stability
housing
behavior –
institutional
adjustment
community, family
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
corrections system
flow-process - measures
process-measures
outcomes
PROGRAMMING  OUTCOME
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
PROGRAMMING  OUTCOME
James A. Inciardi, Steven S. MartIn and Clifford A. Butzin, Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of DrugInvolved Offenders after Release from Prison, Crime & Delinquency 2004 50: 88
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
PROGRAMMING  OUTCOME
addiction is complex
James A. Inciardi, Steven S. MartIn and Clifford A. Butzin, Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of DrugInvolved Offenders after Release from Prison, Crime & Delinquency 2004 50: 88
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
The five year re-arrest alternative presentation
Success: 48%
Complete +
A-care (x%)
Fail: 52%
Success: 42%
Complete
(x%)
Fail: 58%
Success: 28%
Treatment
Placed (x%)
Dropout
(x%)
Fail: 72%
Treatment
Need (57%)
Success: 23%
No Treatment
(x%)
Offender Drug
Assessment
Fail: 77%
Success: (?)%
No Treatment
Need (43%)
Fail: (?)%
James A. Inciardi, Steven S. MartIn and Clifford A. Butzin, Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of DrugInvolved Offenders after Release from Prison, Crime & Delinquency 2004 50: 88
Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes
The five year re-arrest alternative presentation
QUESTION:
fidelity in treatment
Success: 48%
Complete +
A-care (x%)
Fail: 52%
Success: 42%
QUESTION:
voluntary vs.
coerced
Complete
(x%)
Fail: 58%
Success: 28%
Treatment
Placed (x%)
QUESTION:
completion
rate  100%
Offender Drug
Assessment
Dropout
(x%)
Fail: 72%
Treatment
Need (57%)
Success: 23%
QUESTION:
false positives
false negatives
No Treatment
(x%)
Fail: 77%
Success: (?)%
No Treatment
Need (43%)
Fail: (?)%
James A. Inciardi, Steven S. MartIn and Clifford A. Butzin, Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of DrugInvolved Offenders after Release from Prison, Crime & Delinquency 2004 50: 88
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
trajectories impact outcomes
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
challenges of a correctional flow analysis
data
human subjects research
human behavior
dynamic
funding
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
formulate the question
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
QUESTION: how do we
MINIMIZE COSTS
IDENTIFY & MAXIMIZE TRAJECTORIES W/COST BENEFITS (financial)
ENSURE SAFETY & SECURITY (internal)
IDENTIFY & MAXIMIZE TRAJECTORIES W/SUCCESS INDICATORS (rehabilitation)
ENSURE PUBLIC SAFETY (CJ mission)
within the correctional system as defined
(resources, processes, flow, costs, time, motion, attributes)?
. . . and satisfy
constituents and internal/external influences
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
discussion
Q &A
Enhancing correctional efficiencies,
effectiveness and outcomes
thank you