Supporting Rigorous Mathematics
Teaching and Learning
Strategies for Scaffolding Student
Understanding: Academically Productive
Talk and the Use of Representations
Tennessee Department of Education
Elementary School Mathematics
Grade 2
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
Rationale
Teachers provoke students’ reasoning about
mathematics through the tasks they provide and the
questions they ask. (NCTM, 1991) Asking questions that
reveal students’ knowledge about mathematics allows
teachers to design instruction that responds to and
builds on this knowledge. (NCTM, 2000) Questions are
one of the only tools teachers have for finding out what
students are thinking. (Michaels, 2005)
Today, by analyzing a classroom discussion, teachers
will study and reflect on ways in which Accountable
Talk® (AT) moves and the use of representations
support student learning and help teachers to maintain
the cognitive demand of a task.
Accountable Talk is a registered trademark of the University of Pittsburgh.
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Session Goals
Participants will learn about:
• Accountable Talk moves to support the development
of community, knowledge, and rigorous thinking;
• Accountable Talk moves that ensure a productive
and coherent discussion and consider why moves in
this category are critical; and
• representations as a means of scaffolding student
learning.
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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Overview of Activities
Participants will:
• analyze and discuss Accountable Talk moves;
• engage in and reflect on our engagement in a lesson
in relationship to the CCSS;
• analyze classroom discourse to determine the
Accountable Talk moves used by the teacher and the
benefit to student learning;
• design and enact a lesson, making use of the
Accountable Talk moves; and
• learn and apply a set of scaffolding strategies that
make use of the representations.
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Review the
Accountable Talk Features and
Indicators:
Learn Moves Associated With the
Accountable Talk Features
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Linking to Research/Literature:
The QUASAR Project
The Mathematical Tasks Framework
TASKS
TASKS
TASKS
as they
appear in
curricular/
instructional
materials
as set up by
the teachers
as
implemented
by students
Student
Learning
Stein, Smith, Henningsen, & Silver, 2000
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The Structures and Routines of a Lesson
Set Up
Up the
of the
Task
Set
Task
The Explore Phase/Private Work Time
Generate Solutions
The Explore Phase/Small Group Problem Solving
1. Generate and Compare Solutions
2. Assess and Advance Student Learning
MONITOR: Teacher selects
examples for the Share,
Discuss, and Analyze Phase
based on:
• Different solution paths to the
same task
• Different representations
• Errors
• Misconceptions
SHARE: Students explain their
methods, repeat others’ ideas,
put ideas into their own words,
add on to ideas and ask for
clarification.
REPEAT THE CYCLE FOR EACH
SOLUTION PATH
Share, Discuss, and Analyze Phase of the Lesson
1. Share and Model
2. Compare Solutions
3. Focus the Discussion on
Key Mathematical Ideas
4. Engage in a Quick Write
COMPARE: Students discuss
similarities and differences
between solution paths.
FOCUS: Discuss the meaning
of mathematical ideas in each
representation.
REFLECT by engaging students
in a quick write or a discussion
of the process.
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Accountable Talk Discussion
• Review the Accountable Talk features and indicators.
• Turn and Talk with your partner about what you recall
about each of the Accountable Talk features.
- Accountability to the learning community.
- Accountability to accurate, relevant knowledge.
- Accountability to discipline-specific standards
of rigorous thinking.
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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Accountable Talk
Features and Indicators
Accountability to the Learning Community
• Active participation in classroom talk.
• Listen attentively.
• Elaborate and build on each other’s ideas.
• Work to clarify or expand a proposition.
Accountability to Knowledge
• Specific and accurate knowledge.
• Appropriate evidence for claims and arguments.
• Commitment to getting it right.
Accountability to Rigorous Thinking
• Synthesize several sources of information.
• Construct explanations and test understanding of concepts.
• Formulate conjectures and hypotheses.
• Employ generally accepted standards of reasoning.
• Challenge the quality of evidence and reasoning.
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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Accountable Talk Moves
Consider:
• In what ways are the Accountable Talk moves different in
each of the categories?
– Support Accountability to Community
– Support Accountability to Knowledge
– Support Accountability to Rigorous Thinking
• There is a fourth category called “To Ensure Purposeful,
Coherent, and Productive Group Discussion.” Why do you think
we need the set of moves in this category?
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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Accountable Talk Moves
Talk Move
Function
Example
To Ensure Purposeful, Coherent, and Productive
Group Discussion
Marking
Direct attention to the value and importance of a
student’s contribution.
It is important to say describe to compare the
size of the pieces and then to look at how
many pieces of that size.
Challenging
Redirect a question back to the students or use
students’ contributions as a source for further
challenge or query.
Let me challenge you: Is that always true?
Revoicing
Align a student’s explanation with content or connect
two or more contributions with the goal of advancing
the discussion of the content.
You said 3, yes there are three columns and
each column is 1/3 of the whole
Recapping
Make public in a concise, coherent form, the group’s
achievement at creating a shared understanding of
the phenomenon under discussion.
Let me put these ideas all together.
What have we discovered?
To Support Accountability to Community
Keeping the
Channels
Open
Ensure that students can hear each other, and
remind them that they must hear what others have
said.
Say that again and louder.
Can someone repeat what was just said?
Keeping
Everyone
Together
Ensure that everyone not only heard, but also
understood, what a speaker said.
Can someone add on to what was said?
Did everyone hear that?
Linking
Contributions
Make explicit the relationship between a new
contribution and what has gone before.
Does anyone have a similar idea?
Do you agree or disagree with what was said?
Your idea sounds similar to his idea.
Verifying and
Clarifying
Revoice a student’s contribution, thereby helping
both speakers and listeners to engage more
profitably in the conversation.
So are you saying..?
Can you say more?
Who understood what was said?
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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Accountable Talk Moves
(continued)
To Support Accountability to Knowledge
Pressing for
Accuracy
Hold students accountable for the accuracy,
credibility, and clarity of their contributions.
Why does that happen?
Someone give me the term for that.
Building on
Prior
Knowledge
Tie a current contribution back to knowledge
accumulated by the class at a previous time.
What have we learned in the past that links
with this?
To Support Accountability to
Rigorous Thinking
Pressing for
Reasoning
Elicit evidence to establish what contribution a
student’s utterance is intended to make within
the group’s larger enterprise.
Say why this works.
What does this mean?
Who can make a claim and then tell us
what their claim means?
Expanding
Reasoning
Open up extra time and space in the
conversation for student reasoning.
Does the idea work if I change the
context? Use bigger numbers?
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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Five Representations of Mathematical Ideas
What role do the representations play in a discussion?
Pictures
Written
Manipulative
Models
Symbols
Real-world
Situations
Oral & Written
Language
Modified from Van De Walle, 2004, p. 30
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Engage and Reflect on a Lesson
The Sticker Task
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
The Sticker Task
Type of Sticker
Jackson
Adela
Sports Stickers
153
149
Animal Stickers
274
269
Sparkle Stickers
296
281
1. Use what you know about place value to help you solve for
Jackson’s total number of stickers. Show and explain how you
used place value to help you solve for the total.
2. Use what you know about place value to help you solve for
Adela’s total number of stickers. Show and explain how you
used place value to help you solve for the total.
3. Jackson claims that he can look at the amounts and move
them around in order to make amounts that are easier to add.
How might he have changed the amounts without changing
the total? How do the changes make the problem easier to
solve?
153 + 274 + 296
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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The Cognitive Demand of the Task
Why is this considered to be a cognitively demanding task?
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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The Mathematical Task Analysis Guide
•
•
•
•
Lower-Level Demands
Memorization Tasks
involve either producing previously learned facts, rules,
formulae, or definitions OR committing facts, rules,
formulae, or definitions to memory.
cannot be solved using procedures because a
procedure does not exist or because the time frame in
which the task is being completed is too short to use a
procedure.
are not ambiguous – such tasks involve exact
reproduction of previously seen material and what is to
be reproduced is clearly and directly stated.
have no connection to the concepts or meaning that
underlie the facts, rules, formulae, or definitions being
learned or reproduced.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Procedures Without Connections Tasks
are algorithmic. Use of the procedure is either
specifically called for or its use is evident based on
prior instruction, experience, or placement of the task.
require limited cognitive demand for successful
completion. There is little ambiguity about what needs
to be done and how to do it.
have no connection to the concepts or meaning that
underlie the procedure being used.
are focused on producing correct answers rather than
developing mathematical understanding.
require no explanations, or explanations that focus
solely on describing the procedure that was used.
•
•
•
•
•
Higher-Level Demands
Procedures With Connections Tasks
focus students’ attention on the use of procedures for the purpose of
developing deeper levels of understanding of mathematical concepts and
ideas.
suggest pathways to follow (explicitly or implicitly) that are broad general
procedures that have close connections to underlying conceptual ideas as
opposed to narrow algorithms that are opaque with respect to underlying
concepts.
usually are represented in multiple ways (e.g., visual diagrams,
manipulatives, symbols, problem situations). Making connections among
multiple representations helps to develop meaning.
require some degree of cognitive effort. Although general procedures may
be followed, they cannot be followed mindlessly. Students need to
engage with the conceptual ideas that underlie the procedures in order to
successfully complete the task and develop understanding.
Doing Mathematics Tasks
require complex and non-algorithmic thinking (i.e., there is not a
predictable, well-rehearsed approach or pathway explicitly suggested by
the task, task instructions, or a worked-out example).
require students to explore and to understand the nature of mathematical
concepts, processes, or relationships.
demand self-monitoring or self-regulation of one’s own cognitive
processes.
require students to access relevant knowledge and experiences and make
appropriate use of them in working through the task.
require students to analyze the task and actively examine task constraints
that may limit possible solution strategies and solutions.
require considerable cognitive effort and may involve some level of anxiety
for the student due to the unpredictable nature of the solution process
required.
Stein and Smith, 1998; Stein, Smith, Henningsen, & Silver, 2000 and 2008.
The Common Core State Standards
(CCSS)
Solve the task.
Examine the CCSS for Mathematics.
– Which CCSS for Mathematical Content will
students discuss when solving the task?
– Which CCSS for Mathematical Practice will
students use when solving and discussing the
task?
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The CCSS for Mathematical Content: Grade 2
Operations and Algebraic Thinking
2.OA
Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
2.OA.A.1
Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve oneand two-step word problems involving situations of
adding to, taking from, putting together, taking apart,
and comparing, with unknowns in all positions, e.g., by
using drawings and equations with a symbol for the
unknown number to represent the problem.1
Add and subtract within 20.
2.OA.B.2
Fluently add and subtract within 20 using mental
strategies. By end of Grade 2, know from memory all
sums of two one-digit numbers.
Common Core State Standards, 2010
19
The CCSS for Mathematical Content: Grade 2
Number and Operations in Base Ten
2.NBT
Understand place value.
2.NBT.A.1 Understand that the three digits of a three-digit number represent
amounts of hundreds, tens, and ones; e.g., 706 equals 7 hundreds,
0 tens, and 6 ones. Understand the following as special cases:
a. 100 can be thought of as a bundle of ten tens—called a
“hundred.”
b. The numbers 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900
refer to one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine
hundreds (and 0 tens and 0 ones).
Common Core State Standards, 2010
20
The CCSS for Mathematical Content: Grade 2
Number and Operations in Base Ten
2.NBT
Understand place value.
2.NBT.A.2 Count within 1000; skip-count by 5s, 10s, and 100s.
2.NBT.A.3 Read and write numbers to 1000 using base-ten numerals, number
names, and expanded form.
2.NBT.A.4 Compare two three-digit numbers based on meanings of the
hundreds, tens, and ones digits, using >, =, and < symbols to record
the results of comparisons.
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The CCSS for Mathematical Content: Grade 2
Number and Operations in Base Ten
2.NBT
Use place value understanding and properties of operations to add and
subtract.
2.NBT.B.5 Fluently add and subtract within 100 using strategies based on
place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship
between addition and subtraction.
2.NBT.B.6 Add up to four two-digit numbers using strategies based on place
value and properties of operations.
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The CCSS for Mathematical Content: Grade 2
Number and Operations in Base Ten
2.NBT
Use place value understanding and properties of operations to add
and subtract.
2.NBT.B.7
Add and subtract within 1000, using concrete models or
drawings and strategies based on place value, properties of
operations, and/or the relationship between addition and
subtraction; relate the strategy to a written method.
Understand that in adding or subtracting three-digit numbers,
one adds or subtracts hundreds and hundreds, tens and tens,
ones and ones; and sometimes it is necessary to compose or
decompose tens or hundreds.
2.NBT.B.8
Mentally add 10 or 100 to a given number 100–900, and
mentally subtract 10 or 100 from a given number 100–900.
2.NBT.B.9
Explain why addition and subtraction strategies work, using
place value and the properties of operations.
Common Core State Standards, 2010
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Table 1: Common Addition and Subtraction
Situations
Common Core State Standards, 2010, p. 88, NGA Center/CCSSO
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The CCSS for Mathematical Practice
1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving
them.
2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning
of others.
4. Model with mathematics.
5. Use appropriate tools strategically.
6. Attend to precision.
7. Look for and make use of structure.
8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.
Common Core State Standards, 2010
25
Analyzing a Lesson: Lesson Context
Teacher: Brandy Hays
Grade: 2
School: Sam Houston Elementary School
School District: Lebanon School District
The students and the teacher in this school have been
working to make sense of the Common Core State Standards
for the past two years.
The teacher is working on using the Accountable Talk moves
and making sure she targets the mathematics standards in
very deliberate ways during the lesson.
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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The Sticker Task
Type of Sticker
Jackson
Adela
Sports Stickers
153
149
Animal Stickers
274
269
Sparkle Stickers
296
281
1
Use what you know about place value to help you solve for
Jackson’s total number of stickers. Show and explain how you
used place value to help you solve for the total.
2
Use what you know about place value to help you solve for
Adela’s total number of stickers. Show and explain how you
used place value to help you solve for the total.
3
Jackson claims that he can look at the amounts and move
them around in order to make amounts that are easier to add.
How might he have changed the amounts without changing
the total? How do the changes make the problem easier to
solve?
153 + 274 + 296
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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Instructional Goals
Brandy’s instructional goals for the lesson are:
• students will decompose hundreds, tens, and ones and
find the sum of the stickers.
• students can decompose and recompose quantities in
order to make “friendly numbers” that are easier to add
together.
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Reflection Question
(Small group discussion)
As you watch the video segment, consider what
students are learning about mathematics.
Name the moves used by the teacher and the purpose
that the moves served.
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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Reflecting on the Accountable Talk Discussion
(Whole group discussion)
• Step back from the discussion. What are some
patterns that you notice?
• What mathematical ideas does the teacher want
students to discover and discuss?
• How does talk scaffold student learning?
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Characteristics of an Academically
Rigorous Lesson
(Whole group discussion)
In what ways was the lesson academically rigorous?
What does it mean for a lesson to be academically
rigorous?
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Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum
Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum consists
of indicators that students are accountable to:
• A Knowledge Core
• High-Thinking Demand
• Active Use of Knowledge
Most importantly it is an indication that student
learning/understanding is advancing from its
current state.
Did we see evidence of rigor via the
Accountable Talk discussion?
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Five Representations of Mathematical Ideas
What role did tools or representations play in scaffolding
student learning?
Pictures
Manipulative
Written
Models
Symbols
Real-world
Situations
Oral & Written
Language
Modified from Van De Walle, 2004, p. 30
33
Giving it a Go:
Planning for An Accountable Talk
Discussion of a Mathematical Idea
• Identify a person who will be teaching the lesson to
others in your small group.
• Plan the lesson together. Anticipate student
responses.
• Write Accountable Talk questions/moves that the
teacher will ask students in order to advance their
understanding of a mathematical idea.
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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The Sticker Task
Type of Sticker
Jackson
Adela
Sports Stickers
153
149
Animal Stickers
274
269
Sparkle Stickers
296
281
1
Use what you know about place value to help you solve for
Jackson’s total number of stickers. Show and explain how you
used place value to help you solve for the total.
2
Use what you know about place value to help you solve for
Adela’s total number of stickers. Show and explain how you
used place value to help you solve for the total.
3
Jackson claims that he can look at the amounts and move
them around in order to make amounts that are easier to add.
How might he have changed the amounts without changing
the total? How do the changes make the problem easier to
solve?
153 + 274 + 296
© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
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Focus of the Discussion
Use compensation to make easier numbers when
solving for Adela’s amount of stickers.
Plan to engage students in a discussion of:
149 + 269 + 281
Plan to refer to the model of wooden craft sticks or
base ten blocks when discussing the solution path.
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Reflection: The Use of Accountable
Talk discussion and Tools to Scaffold
Student Learning
What have you learned?
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Bridge to Practice
• Plan a lesson with colleagues. Create a high-level task that
we didn’t use in this session.
• Anticipate student responses. Discuss ways in which you
will engage students in talk that is accountable to
community, to knowledge, and to standards of rigorous
thinking. Specifically, list questions that you will ask during
the lesson. Check that you have thought about all of the
moves.
• Engage students in an Accountable Talk discussion. Ask a
colleague to scribe a segment of your lesson, or audio or
videotape your own lesson and transcribe it later.
• Analyze the Accountable Talk discussion in the transcribed
segment of the talk. Identify questions and anticipated
student responses. Bring a segment of the transcript so you
can identify specific moves made during the lesson.
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