Thermal collector facade
A refurbishment strategy for high rise
building typologies
13-4-2015
by:
Shilesh Hariharan,
Building Technology
First Mentor – Mr. Tillmann Klein
Second Mentor – Mr. Arjen van Timmeren
Delft
University of
Technology
Challenge the future
External Mentor – Mr. Franklin van der Hoeven
Permasteelisa guide – Mr. Stijn Schouwenaars
Introduction
Permasteelisa Group (PG)
Building envelope and Cladding specialist
Solar thermal collector systems inside their unitized
facades.
Solar blinds
Semi transparent solar
thermal collectors
Vacuum tube collectors
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Introduction
Primary energy consumption
• 49% of primary energy consumption utilized for space heating
• 80% of this lies underneath 250°C, which can be powered by
solar thermal systems
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Introduction
Need for refurbishment
The EU has an indicative target of 20% improved energy
efficiency and binding targets of a 20% use of renewable energy
and a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, all by 2020
(EuroACE)
Russig 1999
• 2/3rd of office buildings in
Western Europe are older than
30 years
Ebbert 2010
• Refurbishment of buildings
can save up to 75% of
energy
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Introduction
Location in focus
• Primary focus of study in London (UK)
• United Kingdom, Netherlands, Germany with same North
Atlantic Oceanic climate
United Kingdom
Solar irradiance
61° June 22
Sun angle
14° December 22
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1.
Solar thermal collectors
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Solar thermal collectors
Solar thermal energy
• Trap incident solar heat radiation, in a storable and usable
medium, for generation of consumable form of energy.
• Usage:
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Solar thermal collectors
Vacuum tube collectors
• Double glass tubes with vacuum created between
the glass layers, reducing conduction & convection
heat loss
• Efficiency of the entire collector unit of the order or
40 to 60%.
• Medium temperature heating (75°C - 150°C)
Direct flow vacuum tube collectors
Heat pipe
Air vacuum tube collectors
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Solar thermal collectors
Space cooling
• Use of heat energy for the production of chiller water using
Sorption Chillers used in building HVAC systems.
• Green, clean and free energy
Direct Fired Lithium Bromide
Absorption Chiller
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State of the art of solar thermal
collector
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Solar thermal collectors
Space cooling
• Sorption chillers have very low
efficiency. So need a lot of
energy for production of chilled
water
• Roof area of high rise not
enough to provide hot water
needed for space cooling
• Façade become the only option
for large scale integration of solar
thermal collectors
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2.
Collector facade
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Collector facade
Unitized facade
• Unitized façade are a type of curtain wall
façade which consists of a single structural
frame on to which any in-fill elements can be
added to make up a unit.
• Unitized elements are hung from horizontal
cleats installed on the main structural system
of the building
• Unitized elements are hung from bottom up, interlocking every element with the one
above it with the help of a tongue and groove
setting
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Collector facade
Unitized façade + & 1. Very high efficiency
2. State of the art technology
3. Integration of Building service
components
4. Low labour and fast assembly at site
5. Accuracy and perfection owing to
factory production
6. Longer life span
7. Ease of replacement and repair of
units
8. Ease of maintenance
9. Cost effective in large scale
production
10. Modern and trendy with huge design
possibilities
11. Custom made identity to building
1. Transportation of units from factory
to site
2. Scale of the project: too costly for
small buildings
3. If material is damaged during
transportation, might lead not only
the replacement of the material, but
possibly entails re-manufacturing of
the entire element.
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Collector facade
Solar thermal collector
3 types of solar thermal collectors considered for
unitized integration
1. Vacuum tube collectors
2. Semi-transparent solar thermal collector (©
Permasteelisa group)
3. Solar blinds thermal collector (© Permasteelisa
group)
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Collector facade
Semi-transparent solar thermal
collector (TSTC)
As the name indicates, these are semi
transparent thin nature, providing selective
vision when viewed at 30° angle.
1. They provide effective sun shading and
glare protection
2. The approximate weight of a 3m x
1.7m TSTC panel that is 1.5mm thick
having 21 pipes at 76mm centre to
centre weights around 33.5 Kg.
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Collector facade
Solar blinds collector
• Aluminium, extruded thin louvers, coated
with selective absorption coating on both
side.
• 2 type of collectors possible
•Only tiltable collectors
•Retractable & Tiltable collectors
•The approximate weight of a 30 blinds of
100mmx1700mm that are 1mm thick
having copper heat pipes of dia 15mm
weights around 15.5 Kg.
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Collector facade
Collector configurations
Collector façade combination with 3
identified types of solar thermal
collectors can be placed within
unitized façade in 13 different ways.
Spandrel collector
Façade
Size
collectors
Parapet
collector
Window
collector
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Collector facade
Collector configurations
Vacuum tube collectors
Semi-transparent solar
thermal collector
Solar blind collector
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Collector facade
Design issues – Integrated concepts
• Installations such as Cooling ceiling, Thermally Activated Building Mass
systems (TABS) are a integral part of solar cooling concept
• They increase the efficiency of solar cooling
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Collector facade
Design issues – Façade radiation
• Semi-transparent Solar thermal collector & solar blinds inside a closed
cavity have a working temperature of 80°C
• Inner glass layer of collector façade have temperature range of 29°C
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Collector facade
Design issues – Maintenance
• Maintenance for collector system are designed to be accessed internally
from the building
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Collector facade
Test model & Simulation
• 50m x 50m building ;40 stories high (165m) with Semi transparent solar
thermal collector in S, E & W facades, along spandrel & parapet of unitized
facade. Area of collector in one unitized façade (53.5%)
• Location : Frankfurt
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Collector facade
Test model & Simulation
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Collector facade
Architectural expression
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Collector facade
Architectural expression
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3.
High rise office façade
Refurbishment
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Collector Refurbishment
Façade typologies
• Dr.-Ing. Thiemo Ebbert, a
PhD researcher from TU
Delft, dealt with the
technical refurbishment of
Western European post-war
office facades.
EU backed project, co-ordinated by Fraunhofer
Institute for Solare Energie Systeme ISE, in
partnership with 23 other organisations and
companies, in which Permasteelisa Group a
partner.
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Collector Refurbishment
Re-face Façade typology
• Classification of office façade typologies
based on 3 identified characters.
• 22 façade typologies in total
• Focus of study in the countries of Unitied
Kingdom (UK), Netherlands (NL) and
Germany (GER)
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Collector Refurbishment
Cost-Effective project
• Identified 5 façade
categories
• Categories ranked based
on their energy consuming
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Collector Refurbishment
Identified high rise façade typologies
3 Façade typologies identified
based on the structural nature of existing
façade.
• Typology 1 : Presence of planar load
bearing elements such as massive
concrete parapets and beam projection in
building facade
• Typology 2: Skeletal structure, façades
with just floor slab and column, without
the presence of any planar elements
• Typology 3: ‘Parapet + window’ façade
typology having pre-cast non load bearing
parapets attached to floor slab of
buildings.
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Collector Refurbishment
Collector façade analysis
Analysis of collector
facades as refurbishment of
identified façade typologies
based on 2 aspects
1. Technical feasibility
•
•
Maintenance
Piping
2. Architectural aspects
•Transparency
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Collector Refurbishment
Typology 1 –Planar
facade
• Massive structural parapets
that cannot be removed
• Unitize façade have to be
fixed on these planar elements
in front of them
Tomado house
Rotterdam (NL)
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Collector Refurbishment
Typology 1 –Planar
facade
Maintenance
Outside
access
Piping
Transparency
Below floor
or above
ceiling
Increase
Parapet
level
Same
Reduced
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Type 1 –
Double skin facade with vacuum tube
collectors in parapet area
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Type 1 –
Double skin facade with vacuum tube
collectors in parapet area
Merits
Feasibility of climate skin concepts and natural ventilation for maintenance of
internal comfort
Venetian blinds in cavity are ideal for solar shading
Higher user satisfaction can be achieved if the units are integrated with an
openable windows
Use of commercially available collector system makes it easy to repair and
replace
De-merits
Fragile collector elements have to be transported and installed with extensive
care.
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Type 13 –
Double skin facade with Retractable and
only Tiltable solar blinds up to parapet
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Type 13 –
Double skin facade with Retractable and
only Tiltable solar blinds up to parapet
Merits
They are extremely flexible design solution, with option to create highly
transparent and near opaque facades according to need
Seamless aesthetic integration of collector system inside the facade unit
High level of visual comfort
Minimal change to interior, natural lighting conditions
De-merits
These units have a extremely complicated construction and working principle
Facade radiation of these collector facade if of major concern
Not possible to integrate openable windows or any climate skin concept due
to closed cavity nature of facade.
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Type 14 –
Parapet collector units with vacuum
tube collectors
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Collector Refurbishment
Typology 2 –Skeletal
facade
• Clear façade structure without
the presence of any planar
structural element
•Ideal for Unitized refurbishment
owing to possibility to hang
structure from floor slab
Main Tower
Frankfurt am Main (GER)
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Collector Refurbishment
Typology 1 –Planar
facade
Maintenance
Outside
access
Piping
Transparency
Below floor
or above
ceiling
Increase
Parapet
level
Same
Reduced
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Type 9 –
Double skin facade with TSTC collector
over complete facade
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Type 9 –
Double skin facade with TSTC collector
over complete facade
Merits
They prevent direct sun shine, glare and overheating of interiors.
They allow vision through the collector unit at a certain angle
De-merits
Facade radiation of these collector facade if of major concern
Reduced amount of day lighting inside the building
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Type 10 –
Double skin facades with Retractable
and only Tiltable solar blinds
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Type 10 –
Double skin facades with Retractable
and only Tiltable solar blinds
Merits
They are extremely flexible design solution, with option to create highly
transparent and near opaque facades according to need
Seamless aesthetic integration of collector system inside the facade unit
High level of visual comfort
Minimal change to interior, natural lighting conditions
De-merits
These units have a extremely complicated construction and working principle
Facade radiation of these collector facade if of major concern
Not possible to integrate openable windows or any climate skin concept due
to closed cavity nature of facade.
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Collector Refurbishment
Typology 3 –Parapet +
Window facade
• Pre case non load bearing
concrete parapet attached
to the floor slab
•They cannot be loaded with
any utilizable façade as
refurbishment
•Therefore Parapet collector
units are only possible
Bielefeld University
Bielefeld (GER)
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4.
Conclusion
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General conclusion
• Solar thermal collector systems integrated inside unitized facades,
provide immense possibilities for design innovation.
• Production of these units, being done in a factory line, provides space
for design detailing without any compromise on their quality.
• Collector facade systems designed to harness solar thermal energy,
become effective energy generation options only when designed with
various integrated concepts
• the aspect of facade radiation is of at most concern at this point of
time, which has to be corrected before realization of collector facades.
•Collector facades refurbishment of buildings on a whole depends on the
nature of facade to be refurbished. Unitized facades being a type of
Curtain wall facade are ideal refurbishment solutions for buildings initially
designed for such facade systems.
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