Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Railroads Lead the Way
Section 2: Inventions
Section 3: An Age of Big Business
Section 4: Industrial Workers
Visual Summary
Railroads Lead the Way
Essential Question How did railroad
expansion affect the United States economy?
Inventions
Essential Question How did the inventions of
the late 1800s revolutionize society?
An Age of Big Business
Essential Question How did Americans build
fortunes in the oil and steel industries?
Industrial Workers
Essential Question Why did workers form
labor unions in the middle to late 1800s?
How did railroad expansion affect the
United States economy?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• consolidation
• rebate
• railroad baron
• pool
• standard gauge
Academic Vocabulary
• labor
• individual
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• George Westinghouse
• Eli H. Janney
• Gustavus Swift
• George M. Pullman
Which advance in technology has most
made your life easier than the lives of your
grandparents or great grandparents?
A. Advances in medicine
0%
C
B
C. Advances in communication
A. A
B. B
C.
C
0% 0%
A
B. Advances in transportation
Railroad Expansion
The railroad system expanded
rapidly in the late 1800s, building
large fortunes for some wealthy
businesspeople.
Railroad Expansion (cont.)
• Those who labored, or worked, to build the
nearly 200,000 miles of railroad track often
worked for large railroad companies.
• Consolidation of the smaller companies
brought efficiency and uniformity to the
railroad industry.
• A few powerful individuals known as
railroad barons controlled the
nation’s rail traffic.
Railroad Tracks
Which of the following was not a
railroad baron?
A. James J. Hill
B. Cornelius Vanderbilt
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Cyrus Field
B
C. Leland Stanford
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Railroads Stimulate the Economy
Railroads brought major changes to
American industry and American life
in general.
Railroads Stimulate the Economy (cont.)
• Railroads stimulated the American steel,
lumber, and coal industries and provided
thousands of jobs.
• A standard gauge of width for the railroad
track was adopted, allowing for faster
shipment of goods and reduced prices.
• New technology also improved railway
transportation.
The Growth of Railroads
Railroads Stimulate the Economy (cont.)
– Air brakes, invented by
George Westinghouse
– Janney car couplers, invented by
Eli H. Janney
– Refrigerated cars, developed by
Gustavus Swift
– Pullman sleeping car, developed
by George M. Pullman
The Growth of Railroads
Railroads Stimulate the Economy (cont.)
• Rebates, offered by large railroads to their
biggest customers, caused increased freight
rates for farmers and smaller customers.
• Pools, or secret agreements among railroad
barons, also resulted in higher rates.
Which of the following allowed for
faster shipment of goods?
A. Rebates
B. Pools
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Cash-only cooperatives
B
C. Standard gauge track
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
How did the inventions of the late
1800s revolutionize society?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• Model T
• assembly line
• mass production
Academic Vocabulary
• transmit
• mechanism
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Cyrus Field
• Jan. E. Matzeliger
• Alexander Graham Bell
• Henry Ford
• George Eastman
• John Thurman
• Lewis Howard Latimer
• Granville Woods
• Elijah McCoy
Which invention do you think was
most important at the time?
A. Automobile
B. Telephone
0%
C
A
0%
B
C. Electric light bulb
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
Communications
New inventions revolutionized
communications, making faraway
places seem closer.
Communications (cont.)
• Improvements in communication helped
unify the country and promoted economic
growth.
• Telegraphs transmitted messages in Morse
code. Cyrus Field laid a telegraph cable
across the Atlantic Ocean in 1866.
• Telephones transmitted speech.
Alexander Graham Bell formed
the Bell Telephone Company
in 1877.
An Age of Invention
Once Cyrus Field laid a telegraph cable
across the Atlantic Ocean, how long did it
take for a telegraph to transmit from
Europe to the United States?
D. A few seconds
A
0%
0%
D
C. A few minutes
A
B
C
0%
D
C
B. A few hours
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A. A few days
The Genius of Invention
Revolutionary new inventions
changed business and everyday life
in the 1800s.
The Genius of Invention (cont.)
• Inventions between 1860 and 1890 were
designed to help businesses and everyday
life. These included:
– Typewriters and adding machines
– George Eastman’s small box camera
– John Thurman’s vacuum cleaner
An Age of Invention
The Genius of Invention (cont.)
– Thomas Edison’s phonograph, motion
picture projector, storage battery, and
electric light bulb
– George Westinghouse’s electric
transformers
An Age of Invention
The Genius of Invention (cont.)
• A number of African American inventors also
contributed to the era of invention, including:
– Lewis Howard Latimer’s improved wire for
the light bulb
– Granville Woods’s electromagnetic brake
and automatic circuit breaker
– Elijah McCoy’s mechanism for oiling
machinery
– Jan E. Matzeliger’s shoe-making machine
Which inventor is referred to as “The
Wizard of Menlo Park”?
A. Alexander Graham Bell
B. Thomas Edison
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Granville Woods
B
C. George Eastman
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
A Changing Society
Henry Ford’s automobile and
assembly line changed industry and
society forever.
A Changing Society (cont.)
• Henry Ford introduced the Model T—an
affordable automobile—to the public in 1908.
• The assembly line, pioneered by Ford, was
used to manufacture the cars.
• The assembly line revolutionized other
industries by enabling manufacturers to
produce large quantities of goods more
quickly and more cheaply through
mass production.
A Changing Society (cont.)
• Merchants looked for new ways, such as
mail order and chain stores, to sell their
goods.
Where was Henry Ford’s first
automobile plant located?
A. New York, New York
B. Chicago, Illinois
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Detroit, Michigan
B
C. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
How did Americans build fortunes in
the oil and steel industries?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• corporation
• trust
• stock
• monopoly
• shareholders
• merger
• dividend
Academic Vocabulary
• partner
• trend
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• John D. Rockefeller
• Andrew Carnegie
• Sherman Antitrust Act
Rate your agreement with the following
statement:
The government should have the power to
prevent monopolies.
A
D. Strongly disagree
0%
0%
D
C. Somewhat disagree
A
B
C
0%
D
C
B. Somewhat agree
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A. Strongly agree
Foundations for Growth
New technology and abundant
natural resources led to economic
growth.
Foundations for Growth (cont.)
• When researchers found they could burn
petroleum to produce heat and smoke-free
light, oil suddenly became valuable.
• The United States had all the resources
needed for a growing economy. These factors
of production included:
– Land and natural resources
– Labor, or workers needed to
turn raw materials
Factors of Production
into goods
Foundations for Growth (cont.)
– Capital, or money and manufactured items
like machines or tools used to produce
other goods and services
• Businesses became corporations that sold
shares of stock to raise capital.
• Investors who purchase shares of stock in a
corporation are shareholders.
Factors of Production
Foundations for Growth (cont.)
• Shareholders earn dividends from the
corporation’s profits on the stock they own.
Which factor of production refers to
buildings, machinery, and tools?
A. Land
B. Dividends
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Capital
B
C. Labor
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
The Oil Business
John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil
Company controlled the booming oil
industry.
The Oil Business (cont.)
• John D. Rockefeller and his partners made
great fortunes dominating the oil industry.
• Rockefeller formed a trust, the Standard Oil
Trust, by acquiring stock in many different oil
companies.
• By becoming part owner in these other
companies, Rockefeller maintained total
control of an industry, creating a monopoly.
What is the name for a group of companies
managed by the same board of directors?
A. Partnership
B. Trust
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Corporation
B
C. Monopoly
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
The Steel Business
New processes for making steel
created an important industry.
The Steel Business (cont.)
• Steel, a strong and long-lasting form of iron
treated with carbon, was ideal for
manufacturing railroad tracks, bridges, and
other products.
• The Carnegie Steel Company, founded by
Andrew Carnegie, dominated the steel
industry by acquiring companies that
provided the equipment and services
needed for production and
distribution.
Economics & History
The Steel Business (cont.)
• Industrial millionaires like Andrew Carnegie
and John D. Rockefeller used some of their
money to build libraries and found schools,
universities, and other civic institutions.
• The trend or general movement toward
business monopolies was encouraged by
some states. Laws were passed making
corporate mergers, the combining of
companies, easier.
Economics & History
The Steel Business (cont.)
• In 1890 Congress passed the
Sherman Antitrust Act, which prohibited
trusts and monopolies.
A company that purchases other
companies at all levels of production
is founded on which method?
A. Vertical integration
B. Horizontal integration
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Why did workers form labor unions
in the middle to late 1800s?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• sweatshop
• strikebreaker
• trade union
• injunction
• collective bargaining
Academic Vocabulary
• identify
• environment
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Knights of Labor
• Terence V. Powderly
• American Federation of Labor
• Samuel Gompers
• Eugene V. Debs
Rate your agreement with the following
statement:
Union employees have the right to go on
strike when their wages are lowered?
A
D. Strongly disagree
0%
0%
0%
0%
D
C. Somewhat disagree
A
B
C
D
C
B. Somewhat agree
A.
B.
C.
D.
B
A. Strongly agree
Working Conditions
Factory workers toiled under terrible
conditions.
Working Conditions (cont.)
• Industrial growth created many new jobs;
however, working conditions deteriorated.
• Problems included long hours, low pay, and
unsafe conditions in factories, mines, and
sweatshops.
• Women and children worked in factories,
where their wages were half of what a man
might receive.
Cost of Living
Sweatshops were dangerous urban
factories manufacturing what product?
A. Automobile parts
B. Garments
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Electrical supplies
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Food products
Growth of Labor Unions
Workers organized unions in order
to acquire better wages, benefits,
and working conditions.
Growth of Labor Unions (cont.)
• Dissatisfied workers organized into labor
unions, demanding better pay and working
conditions.
• Trade unions represented only one trade
and were too small to be effective.
• Led by Terence V. Powderly, the
Knights of Labor met secretly and had
special ways to identify one
another.
The Labor Movement, 1877–1914
Growth of Labor Unions (cont.)
• The American Federation of Labor—led by
Samuel Gompers—represented skilled
workers in various crafts and pressed for
better wages, working conditions, and
collective bargaining.
• A fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company led
the International Ladies’ Garment Workers
Union to push for a safer working
environment.
The Labor Movement, 1877–1914
Growth of Labor Unions (cont.)
• Companies hired strikebreakers to replace
striking union workers.
• Injunctions, or court orders, were used to
stop unions from striking. Eugene V. Debs
was sent to jail after the Pullman Strike
obstructed the rails and mail.
A fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company
factory brought attention to what?
A. Unsafe working conditions
B. Low wages
0%
0%
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
D
C
D. Lunch and bathroom breaks
A.
B.
C.
D.
B
C. Child labor
Section Transparencies Menu
Daily Test Practice Transparency 19–1
Select a transparency to view.
Section Transparencies Menu
Daily Test Practice Transparency 19–2
Lesson Transparency 19A
Lesson Transparency 19B
Select a transparency to view.
Section Transparencies Menu
Daily Test Practice Transparency 19–3
Lesson Transparency 19C
Select a transparency to view.
Section Transparencies Menu
Daily Test Practice Transparency 19–4
Select a transparency to view.
consolidation
the practice of combining separate
companies into one
railroad barons
powerful and aggressive
businessmen who controlled the
nation’s railroads
standard gauge
the uniform width of 4 feet, 8.5 inches
for railroad tracks, adopted during the
1880s
rebate
discount or return of part of a
payment
pool
a group sharing in some activity, for
example, among railroad barons who
made secret agreements and set
rates among themselves
labor
to work
individual
person
Model T
America’s first mass production car
made by the Ford Motor Company
assembly line
a system with machines and workers
arranged so that each person
performs an assigned task again and
again as items pass before him or her
mass production
the production of large quantities of
goods using machinery and often an
assembly line
transmit
send from one place to another
mechanism
mechanical device
corporation
a business in which investors own
shares
stock
shares of ownership a company sells
in its business which often carry
voting power
shareholder
a person who invests in a corporation
by buying stock and is a partial owner
dividend
a stockholder’s share of a company’s
profits, usually as a cash payment
trust
a combination of firms or corporations
formed by a legal agreement,
especially to reduce competition
monopoly
total control of a type of industry
by one person or one company
merger
the combining of two or more
businesses into one
partner
associate who agrees to operate a
business with another
trend
general direction
sweatshop
a shop or factory where workers work
long hours at low wages under
unhealthy conditions
trade union
organization of workers with the same
trade or skill
collective bargaining
discussion between an employer and
union representatives of workers over
wages, hours, and working conditions
strikebreaker
person hired to replace a striking
worker in order to break up a strike
injunction
a court order to stop an action, such
as a strike
identify
recognize
environment
the complex of physical, chemical,
and biotic factors that surround living
organisms
To use this Presentation Plus! product:
Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.
Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.
Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu.
Click the Transparency button from within a section to access the transparencies
that are relevant to the section.
Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation.
Click the History Online button to access online textbook features.
Click the Reference Atlas button to access the Interactive Reference Atlas.
Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show.
Click the Help button to access this screen.
Links to Presentation Plus! features such as Maps in Motion, Graphs in Motion,
Charts in Motion, Concepts in Motion, figures from your textbook, and Section
Spotlight Videos are located at the bottom of relevant screens.
This slide is intentionally blank.