RICE CULTIVATION
Introduction :
India is an agricultural country. Most of her people are
farmers. They produce 3 classes of crops such as Food
crops, Commercial crops & Oil seeds. The main food
crops of India are Rice, Barely, Wheat & Maize etc.
Rice is the staple food of many of the
Indians. Rice is obtained from Paddy. There are 75
percent of people used its grain as food. India is the 2nd
largest producer of Rice in the world. The crop is
cultivated almost in all the states of the country like
Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu,
West Bengal, Bihar & Uttar Pradesh are the major rice
growing states. Its botanical name is Oryza sativa or
Dhana.
CLIMATE REQUIREMENT
Rice cultivation is a torrid zone plant. Rice
requires an extremely moist soil, either rain fed
or artificially flooded. Rice is water loving plant
which is grown in North-Eastern states all round
the year if water is available either through rain
or irrigation. Rice needs relatively
.
. high
temperature ranging between 25 to 35 c, for
optimum growth & development of plants.
Depending upon the temperature requirement
Rice crop is grown during kharif.
SOIL REQUIREMENT
Rice is grown on all
sorts of heavy soil
types like clay, loam
of alluvium nature.
Rice requires an
extremely moist soil,
either rain fed or
artificially flooded.
Cultivation
Cultivation
of
Rice
completely depends on
the availability of water.
Depending
on
the
amount of rainfall &
irrigation
facilities,
various methods are
adopted. Broadcasting &
Transplantation are the
two common methods in
practice.
Broadcasting
It is dry or semi
dry cultivation.
The
soil
is
ploughed 10 to
20 cms deep
while it is still
dry or partly
moist.
Sowing Time
Sowing of seeds is done during June to July, immediately
followed by another ploughing. Germination of seeds occurs
after getting sufficient moisture. When the seeding are 20 to 25
cm high and sufficient water is available in the filed a light
ploughing is done. This treatment is called “Beushana”. After
this plants are allowed to grow in sufficient water stored in the
filed. In case of short duration varieties the second operation
(Beushana) is avoided as they come to flower stage after 60 to
70 days.
Transplantation
This method is essentially used in
the areas where rainfall is much.
Seed beds are raised during June,
When the soil is dry. Seeds are
sown on moisture beds for raising
the seedlings. When the seedlings
are 21 to 30 days old they are
transplanted in puddle fields. To
get better results, various qualities
of fertilizers are applied both in
seed bed and field. Water is
essential in rice field throughout its
entire period of growth. It is also
necessary that the field is allowed
to dry up just before the
harvesting.
Harvest
The crop is harvested by cutting the
plants with a sickle. After drying of
harvested crop, threshing is done either
by hands or by bullock feet of by using
thresher. The grains are collected after
removal of chaps (grain less paddy) by
throwing in the air.
Improved & High yielding varieties for
Orissa are as follows, according to their
maturity.
1. (A) Early varieties (sarad) – Ratna, Padma, Parijata,
Kumar suphla. (Summer season)
(B) Medium (Sarad) – Hema, Rajeshwari, Jaya,
Kumarsakti, Vijaya.
Both the types are ready from June to Dec.
2. (A) Early varieties (Dalua) – Pusa 2-21, Bala, Cauvery,
Parijata. (Winter season)
(B) Medium – Ratna, Kumar, Supriya & Krishna.
Both the types are ready from Dec to April.
3. (A) Early Varieties (Beali) – Pusa 2-21, Bala, Cauvery &
Parijata, Ready from April/May to September in upland.
1st Month is for sowing & last month is for harvesting &
threshing in the above varieties.
Guided By
Sachidananda Biswal (Asst. Tr. , Science )
Khirod Naik
(Asst. Tr., Science)
Subhendu Pattanayak( Asst. Tr. , English)