Chapter 2 – part 1
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
1) Weather instrument and their uses
•
Meteorologists and Weather Forecasters are very important
because they can predict what the weather is going to be like in
the future. To do this, they use very specialized equipment.
Within the last 50 years, meteorologists have used weather
balloons, satellites, radar, and computers to improve the
accuracy of their forecasts
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
Weather instrument and their uses
• WEATHER BALLOONS carry an instrument called "Radio-sonde"
which measures temperature, pressure, and humidity at
different altitudes (height) in the atmosphere. Special recording
equipment in the balloons converts readings from these
instruments into electrical impulses and transmits the impulses
to earth. The balloons are tracked with radar to find wind speed
and direction. Eventually the balloon bursts, and the instrument
floats back to the ground by parachute.
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
Weather instrument and their uses
•
WEATHER SATELLITES send back information about storms,
fronts, cloud cover, geographical features of the earth, and air
and ocean temperatures.
• RADAR sends out radio waves which bounce off raindrops, snow,
or hail inside a cloud and reflect energy back to a radar antenna,
which usually looks like a huge dish sitting on its side.
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
Weather instrument and their uses
•
COMPUTERS can do millions of operations per second,
figuring out math equations that relate to the movements of
fronts, air pressure systems, and storms.
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
Weather instrument and their uses
•
Weather Forecasters use many signs and symbols when they
are describing what is going on in the weather and how weather
is happening all across the country. To learn more about these
signs, follow this link to WEATHER MAPS.
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
Table 2.1 Weather instruments and their uses
Instrument
Use
BAROMETER
Measuring the strength of Atmosphere pressure
BAROGRAPHE
Registering the strength of Atmosphere pressure
THERMOMETER
Measuring Temperature
THERMOGRAPHE
Registering Temperature
PSICHROMETER
Measuring dryness and dampness Temperature
HYGROMETER
Measuring dampness ratio
HYGROGRAPHE
Registering dampness ratio
GIROUTTE
Determining wind direction
ANEMOMETER
Measuring wind speed
PLUVIOMETER
Measuring fallen rain amount
HYTOGRAPHE
Registering fallen rain amount
HELIOGRAPHE
Registering sun strength during the day
ACTINOMETER
Measuring actinic action in radiant energy
EVAPOMETER
Measuring evaporation
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
Barometer: A barometer is a scientific instrument used to measure
atmospheric pressure. It can measure the pressure exerted by the
atmosphere by using water, air, or mercury
Units of Pressure
Example reading:
 1 atm pressure = 1.01325 bar = 1.01325 x 105 Pa = 1.01325 x 105 N/m2
 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 10−5 bar = 10.197×10−6 at = 9.8692×10−6 atm = 7.5006×10−3 torr = 145.04×10−6 psi
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
Barometric pressure
• d = density of liquid (kg/m3)
• g = local gravity
(m/s2)
• h = height of liquid (m)
•
in 00 C
d= 13 600 kg/m3
g = 9.806 m/s2
h= 0.76 m
The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa), equal to one (N/m2 or kg·m−1·s−2).
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
Some baseline temperatures in the three temperature scales:
• Thermometer:Temperature is measured in degrees centigrade
(C), fahrenheit (F), and Kelvin (K), and are related to each other
as follows:
temperature
kelvin
degree Celsius
degree
Fahrenheit
symbol
K
°C
°F
boiling point of
water
373.15
100.
212.
melting point of
ice
273.15
0.
32.
absolute zero
0.
-273.15
-459.67
ºC = (ºF – 32º) x (5/9)
ºF = ºC x (9/5) + 32º
ºC = K – 273.16
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
Anemome
ter:
Wind Vane/Wind Sock
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
Hygrometer
THERMOGRAPHE
THERMOMETER
The International Meteorological Organization
 The International Meteorological Organization (1873 - 1953)
was the first organization formed with the purpose of
exchanging weather information among the countries of the
world
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
Chapter 2
World Meteorological
Organization (WMO)
•
It originated from the International Meteorological
Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873. Established
in 1950, WMO became the specialized agency of the United
Nations for meteorology (weather and climate)
• membership of 189 Member States.
•
in June 1977
(Since the climate has been so continuously variable due to
natural causes in the past, it must be assumed that it will
continue to vary)
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
Chapter 2
World Meteorological
Organization (WMO)
• Six regional associations for addressing regional concerns:
–
–
–
–
–
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Region I Africa
Region II Asia
Region III South America
Region IV North America, Central America and the Caribbean
Region V South-West Pacific
Region VI Europe
Activities …
•
Nobel Peace Prize in 2007
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad
AGROMETEOROLOGY ; A branch of meteorology that studies
the effect of weather and climate on agriculture.
• Table 2.2 The name and place of the agricultural meteorology station
installed in Kurdistan region
•
Table 2.3 Rain according to the Kurdistan region areas
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Meteorology \ Dr. Mazin sherzad