Spanish TSO Operational
Challenges and Solutions
March 2011
Dirección de Operación
Contents
Current Operational challenges at Spanish System
facing renewables variable inputs


REE Renewables Control Center (CECRE)

Facing the future: technical and market issues
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Influence of RES Generation in System Operation (I)
Demand coverage
Demand is given at a certain moment,
until relevant demand side management
takes place, generation must adapt to
demand to maintain system equilibrium.
 Adequacy to system demand profiles.

Demand
Coverage
Ancillary
services
provision
Variability and
predictability
Variability and predictability
Variability influences the rest of the electric
system that must compensate such
variations to keep the system balanced.
 Predicting this variability and awareness of
uncertainties crucial for efficient operation.

Generation
Control and
Supervision
Generation
Management
Dynamic
behavior during
disturbances
The combination of these two factors along with the behavior and
uncertainty of the demand contribute to situations with balance feasibility
difficulties due to lack of downward reserve.
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
3
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Influence of RES Generation in System Operation (II)
Generation control and supervision
Visibility and controlability by the SO:
 Real-time telemeasurements
 Possibility to issue instructions and
feedback
 Renewable generation is more distributed
and dispersed than conventional.
 Awareness increases with visibility and
remedial actions must be fast and efficient.

Demand
Coverage
Ancillary
services
provision
Variability and
predictability
Generation
Management
Generation
Control and
Supervision
Dynamic
behavior during
disturbances
Dynamic behavior during disturbances
Stability during disturbances in coordination
with the rest of the system.
 Voltage dip ride through capabilities.
 Contribution to the clearance of the
disturbance.

RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
4
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Influence of RES Generation in System Operation (III)
Generation Management
Definition of manageable generation
according to Spanish legislation:
 Production reduction does not imply loss of
primary energy.
 Certainty in generation prognoses.
 In Spain the SO determines whether to
consider a facility as manageable or nonmanageable according to tests.

Demand
Coverage
Ancillary
services
provision
Variability and
predictability
Generation
Management
Generation
Control and
Supervision
Ancillary services provision
Displacement of conventional generation
and ancillary services providers.
 Manageable RE may participate in load
frequency control.
 Influence on voltage control during high
production situations.

Dynamic
behavior during
disturbances
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
5
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
System Balancing Reserves
Type
Definition
Influence of Wind Power on Reserve
Primary Regulation
Action of speed regulators from generator units
responding to changes in system frequency
(<30 s to 15 minutes)
Not influenced by wind power
Secondary
Regulation
Automatic action of central algorithm and AGCs in
the generation units that provide this service
responding to changes in system frequency and
power deviations with respect to France.
(≤100 s to 15 minutes)
Only slightly affected by wind generation ramps when these
ramps are opposite to system demand. Presently, no need to
contract further reserve bands.
Tertiary Regulation
Manual power variation with respect to a previous
programprogram
in less than
15 minutes.
(<15 min to 2
in less
than 15 minutes.
hours)
(<15 min
to 2 hours)
Only slightly affected by wind generation ramps when these
ramps are opposite to system demand.
Running Reserves or
Hot Reserves
Manageable
generation
reserves
thatthat
cancan
be called
Manageable
generation
reserves
be
upon
minutes
to approximately
2 hours.
calledwithin
upon 15
within
15 minutes
to approximately
2
Include
tertiary
reserves
and and
consist
on the
hours.
Include
tertiary
reserves
consist
of the
running
running reserves
reserves of
of connected
connected thermal
thermal units
units and
and
hydrohydro
and hydro
pumppump
storage
reserves.
(15 min-2
and hydro
storage
reserves.
hours
to 4 hours)
(15 min-2
hours
to 4-5 hours)
Significant influence of wind power. Reserve provision must be
increased to take into account wind power forecast errors.
Presently
intervals
used
probabilistic
sizing
Reservesconfidence
are checked
from day
D-1and
once
market results
areof
reserve
needs
study.
received
untilunder
real time.
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
6
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Wind production variability
16,000
Wind production record 14 962 MW
14,000
09/11/2010 14.46 h
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
01/11/2009
00:00:00
01/12/2009
00:00:00
Int. Int
-4.67%
01/01/2010
00:00:00
Wind;
1.26%
01/02/2010 01/03/2010
00:00:00
00:00:00
01/04/2010
00:00:00
01/05/2010
00:00:00
01/06/2010
00:00:00
01/07/2010
00:00:00
Hydro-Power;
13.10%
01/08/2010
00:00:00
Hydro-Power;
5.42%
01/09/2010
00:00:00
01/10/2010
00:00:00
Cog + Other
RE; 17.65%
Cog + Other
RE; 20.31%
Minimum coverage
03/09/2010 12.33 h
Nuclear;
16.89%
Coal; 16.62%
Maximum coverage
Wind; 53.09%
09/11/2010 3.35 h
Pumping; 12.45%
Coal; 2.99%
Nuclear;
31.84%
Combined
cycles; 35.09%
Combined
cycles; 6.10%
Int. Int
-4.67%
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
01/11/2010
00:00:00
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Wind Energy Characteristics
WIND PRODUCTION DURING A YEAR
DEMAND vs. WIND PRODUCTION
12.000
40,000
10.000
36,000
8.000
MW
3,900
38,000
3,400
34,000
2,900
6.000
32,000
2,400
4.000
30,000
1,900
2.000
28,000
00
01/12/2009
01/11/2009
01/10/2009
01/09/2009
01/08/2009
01/07/2009
01/06/2009
01/05/2009
01/04/2009
01/03/2009
01/02/2009
01/01/2009
1,400
:0
01 0
:0
02 0
:0
03 0
:0
04 0
:0
05 0
:0
06 0
:0
07 0
:0
08 0
:0
09 0
:0
10 0
:0
11 0
:0
12 0
:0
13 0
:0
14 0
:0
15 0
:0
16 0
:0
17 0
:0
18 0
:0
19 0
:0
20 0
:0
21 0
:0
22 0
:0
23 0
:0
00 0
:0
0
26,000
0
D em and 06/02/2008
W ind P roduc tion 06/02/2008

Non manageable primary energy.

Very variable production output.

Downward ramps in wind production in the mornings often increase morning
ramps of conventional generation.
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
8
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Wind Energy Characteristics
MONTHLY PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION
HOURLY PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION
40,00%
35%
35,00%
30%
30,00%
25%
25,00%
20%
20,00%
15%
15,00%
10%
10,00%
5%
5,00%
0,00%
0%
jan
f eb
mar
apr
may
jun
jul
aug
sep
oct
nov
dec
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour

Data corresponds to year 2009

Wind production differs sometimes from demand requirements, specially in
summer.
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
9
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Wind Energy Characteristics

Wind production variability

Wind turbines technology
8,200.00
8600
7,950.00
23/03/2008
8200
7,700.00
7800
7,450.00
24/03/2008
7,200.00
7400
6,950.00
7000
6,700.00
6600
6,450.00
6,200.00
6200
5,950.00
13 0
:0
0
14
:0
0
15
:0
0
16
:0
0
17
:0
0
18
:0
0
19
:0
20 0
:0
0
21
:0
0
22
:0
0
23
:0
0
0:
00
0
5,700.00
:0
12
0
:0
11
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
:0
10
9:
8:
7:
6:
5:
4:
3:
1:
0:
00
5800
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
00:00
02:00
04:00
06:00
08:00
10:00
W ind P roduc tion 23/03/08-24/03/08
W ind P roduc tion 30/03/2008

Increase of 586 MW in 30 min. Gradient:
1172 MW/h

Wind generation trippings if wind speed
higher than 25 m/s.

Decrease of 1110 MW in 1 h 25 min.
Gradient: -785 MW/h

Wind power variation on this day: 1 800 MW
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
10
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Operational challenges of distributed generation

Myriad of plants each belonging to different companies with different
policies for operation, switching and maintenance. However there is a
need for planning and real-time communication.

In the past, very slow contact in case of emergency reductions,
outages or maintenance planning of the transmission assets next to
connection points for generation.

SO actions had to be always manual leading to longer execution
times.

When actions and supervision takes longer and risks are higher,
stricter limitations must be in place and planned further in advance
reducing RES production and installation.

Example, there are more than 700 wind parks installed in the
peninsular system.

Solved by grouping facilities in control centers with real-time contact
with the System Operator through the CECRE.
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
11
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Congestion management

According to RD 661/2007 and Operational Procedure PO 3.2, in
case several plants that have a minimum of sensibility to a
congestion need to be redispatched to solve the congestion the
following order must be applied:

Ordinary regime. In decreasing sensibility order.

Non-renewable manageable special regime

Renewable manageable special regime

Non-renewable non-manageable special regime

Renewable non-manageable special regime
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
12
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Impact of forecast errors in the demand coverage
Wind Production Forecast Errors H-5
6000
5000
5000
4000
4000
3000
3000
2000
2000
MW
MW
Wind Production Forecast Errors D-1 h12
6000
1000
1000
0
0
-630 MW 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
-570 MW
-1000
-1000
-2000
-2000
-3000
-3000



0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
In D-1 at hour 12 when the daily congestion management studies are conducted
there is a 15% possibility that wind production is 630 MW lower than predicted.
Within start-up time of thermal power units (5 hours in advance) there is still a 15%
possibility that wind production is 570 MW lower than predicted.
Reserves are checked within these time scopes and the uncertainties must be
translated into further running reserves. Additional thermal groups might be
needed to guarantee demand coverage.
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
13
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Requirement for Manageable Generation (I)
 Demand
10000
MW
D_max


Req_max
Ratio = D_max/D_min
Requirement Ratio =
Req_max/Req_min
Due to wind energy and its
behavior during peak and offpeak hours:

Requirement Ratio > Demand Ratio

Steeper slopes (from off-peak
hours to peak hours)
Monotonous curve for demand and requirement
ratio in 2009
Ratio
D_min
Req_min
15000
0h
0:00
24 h
0
0:00
3,2
3,0
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1,0
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Demand ratio
59%
69%
79%
89%
Requirement ratio
Demand
Wind production
Requirement for manageable generation
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
14
99%
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Requirement for Manageable Generation (III)
Requirement for the 5th of March 2009
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
15
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Requirement for Manageable Generation (II)
Since there is a minimum value for
manageable generation (technical
10000
minimum power output of
generating units, flowing hydro
power plants…) there is a ratio
over which it is necessary to shut
down conventional power
generation during off-peak hours
to connect it back several hours
later in real time (8 times since
2006).

MW
D_max
Req_max
D_min
Due to the need of keeping
connected power plants during
off-peak periods that are
necessary for the daily peak loads
(longer start up times) and to
0
24 h deliver ancillary services there is
0:00
also a ratio above which wind
power reduction is unavoidable.

Req_min
15000 0 h
0:00
Demand
Wind production
Requirement for manageable generation
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
16
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Requirement : = Demand – Wind Generation
3,2
3,0
2,8
2,6
Ratio
2,4
2,2
2,0
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
2004



50%
2005
59%
2006
69%
2007
79%
2008
89%
99%
2009
2004-2008: Few days with requirement ratio > 2
2009: 14% of the time requirement ratio > 2
Possible solutions: storage, wind generation providing frequency control under certain
system conditions, peaker thermal plants…
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
17
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Wind reduction instructions, November 2nd 2008 (I)
Demand-generation balance: 2/11/2008

Low demand (~20 000 MW) and high forecasted errors (~ 3 200 MW)

Running out of downward reserves:


Shut down in real time of combined cycles.
As last resource, wind power reduction from 7:22 to 9:30 h.
12000
Wind Production in MW
30000
10000
25000
8000
6000
20000
15000
4000
10000
2000
5000
0
Previsión Eólica
Producción Eólica
Real
Programa
Mercado
Demanda
0
Time 02/11/2008
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
18
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Balance feasibility during off-peak hours (I)
Maximum demand
39 183 MW
Downward tertiary reserve
exhausted in hours 2:00-6:00
Generation mix
during off-peak
March
Minimum demand
23 653 MW
3rd
2010
Lower wind
production on
peak hours
High wind production
during off-peak hours
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
19
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Balance feasibility during off-peak hours (II)
March 3rd 2010
27 combined
cycle units
during peak
hours
1 combined cycle units
during off-peak hours
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
20
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Example of the needed flexibility
Downward tertiary reserve
exhausted in hours 3:00-9:30
and 15:00-18:00 h
March
Minimum
demand 20 638
MW
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
Maximum
demand 36 319
MW
Generation
mix during offpeak
1st
2010
30 combined
cycle units
during peak
hours
5 combined
cycle units
during off-peak
hours
21
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Requirement for Manageable Gen. (I)
Requirement = Demand – Wind Production
 Demand Ratio = Dmax / Dmin; Requirement Ratio = Reqmax / Reqmin
 Due to wind energy production and its correlation with demand:
 Requirement Ratio > Demand Ratio
 Steeper ramps for manageable generation
 Displacement by RES of the generation that provides ancillary services

MW
45.000
40.000
35.000
30.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0
Demand Ratio = 1.70
March 10
10thth2010
March
2010
Requirement Ratio = 2.24
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
Demand
Wind generation
Requirement
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Requirement for Manageable Gen. (II)
3,2
3,0
2,8
2,6
2004
Ratio
2,4
2005
2,2
2006
2,0
2007
2008
1,8
2009
1,6
1,4
1,2
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
59%
69%
79%
89%
99%
Measures the need for flexibility for the manageable generation.
 Present providers: mainly combined cycle units, hydro-pump storages and
hydro generation.
 Future needs: additional storage, wind generation providing frequency control
under certain system conditions, “peaker” thermal plants…

RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
23
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Renewable Energies in System Operation

Facilitate the maximum possible non-managable generation integration.

Creation of the Control Centre for Renewable Energies (CECRE)
 Control and supervision of special regime generation.
 Maximize RES production, but always keeping the electric system in a
secure state.
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
24
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
CECRE: purpose and targets


Target: achieve a greater level of integration for renewable energy
sources without compromising system security.
Main function: Organise special regime electric production according to
the needs of the electric system.



Be the only real time communication channel with CECOEL and with the
Control Centres (RESCC), which would be the entities in charge of switching
operations in the facilities.
Receive the relevant production information of generation units in real time
and send it to CECOEL.
Coordinate, control and supervise all generation units by means of grouping
them in Control Centres.

Contribute with security and effectiveness in System Operation.

Change zone simultaneous production hypothesis and preventive criteria
(conservative) by real-time production control and therefore allowing:
 Higher energy production
 Higher installed power (agent decision)
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
25
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
CECRE: functional scheme
CECRE is a control centre devoted to
special regime generation and
specially to Wind Power:
CECOEL / CECORE

CECRE
CCCONV
RESCC1 … RESCCn
Integrated in REE’s control structure

Communication with generation
Control Centres for supervision and
control instructions.

According to RD661/2007 all special
regime facilities >10 MW must be
connected to a RESCC.

CECRE issues generation limitations
through the SCADA system to the
Control Centres.
RESCC: Renewable Energy Source Control Centre
Link and
telecommand
Link and
telecommand
Link and
telecommand
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
CCCONV: Control Centre for conventional generation
26
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
RES power connected to the CECRE via RESCC
Rest RE
0.4%
Cogeneration
16.9%
Mini-Hydro
2.8%
Solar
1.8%
Biomass
1.1%
Wind
77.0%


According to RD661/2007 all special regime facilities >10 MW must be
connected to a RESCC.
Facilities that don’t comply with this requirement loose the Special
Regime status regarding the prime received.
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
27
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Forecasts available to the CECRE
9500
9000
8500
8000
SIPREÓLICO
Real Production
Market program
7500
7000
6500
6000
5500
00
9:
0
10 0
:0
11 0
:0
12 0
:0
13 0
:0
14 0
:0
15 0
:0
16 0
:0
17 0
:0
18 0
:0
19 0
:0
20 0
:0
21 0
:0
22 0
:0
23 0
:0
0
0:
00
8:
00
00
7:
6:
00
00
5:
4:
00
00
3:
2:
1:
00
00
5000
0:

REE has an internal forecast of all wind parks: SIPREÓLICO
Hourly forecasts of next 48 hours by region or transmission system node (update 15 min.)
Total hourly forecast of next 10 days (update 1 hour).
Hourly stochastic forecast of total production: percentiles 15, 50 and 85.
Wind park programs matched in the daily market. Agent’s forecast.
Wind Production in MW

Time 09/02/2009
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
28
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Evolution of absolute error based on production


Critical time horizons are 24 or 32 hours in advance for D-1 reserve evaluation and 5
hours for real-time evaluation.
Positive evolution in forecast error in the last years has resulted in fewer need for
reserves to cover wind forecast errors, specially in D-1.
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
29
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Influence
of forecast uncertainty

RES forecast uncertainties increase needed provisions of reserve.
o Higher levels of reserve.
o Influence on downward reserve.
Example: Technical Constraints Management D-1 h12
o REE checks if there are enough available running reserves for the next day.
o Probabilistic wind forecast used.
14.000
Wind forecast with different confidence intervals
12.000
Real
Pr=50%
Pr=15%
Pr=85%
10.000
MWh

8.000
6.000
Additional reserves during
peak demand = 2 310 MW
25/03/2010
4.000
2.000
0
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
0:00
30
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Some days errors affect System Operation…
12000
11000
10000
SIPREÓLICO
Real Production
Market program
9000
8000
7000
6000
00
9:
0
10 0
:0
11 0
:0
12 0
:0
13 0
:0
14 0
:0
15 0
:0
16 0
:0
17 0
:0
18 0
:0
19 0
:0
20 0
:0
21 0
:0
22 0
:0
23 0
:0
0
0:
00
8:
00
00
7:
6:
00
00
5:
4:
00
00
3:
2:
00
00
5000
1:

0:

On January 23rd and 24th 2009 the storm Klaus hit the Iberian peninsula. Some wind parks
recorded winds up to 220 km/h.
Most turbines in the north of Spain shut down due to their over-speed protection.
Difference between real and forecasted wind production was greater than 6 000 MW on
some hours, but since demands were low and thermal plants were connected in real time
due to alert situation there was enough upward reserve to deal with these errors.
Wind Production in MW

Time 23/01/2009
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
31
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Wind reduction to recover downward reserve


On the afternoon of Sunday November 15th at 14:50 h with low demands of the year
(~24,000 MW), wind prediction error was about 2 800 MW.
Fast increase in error from 12:00 to 15:00 h.
Spanish system ran out of downward reserves rapidly. The only solution to balance the
system was to decrease wind production from 14:50 to 17:00 h.
11000
10000
9000
8000
MW

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
Time on November 15th 2009
Wind Production
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
Wind Program
Wind Forecast
32
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
CECRE may issue wind generation curtailments



Wind and demand forecast error during off-peak hours.
System run out of tertiary reserve. Low secondary downward reserve during
some instants.
Wind generation curtailments issued from 1:12 to 6:19 h.
12000
11000
10000
MW
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
Time on March 1st 2010
Wind Production
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
Wind Program
Wind Forecast
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Wind power reduction due to risk of generation trip 27/03/2008
8900
8700
MW
8500
8300
8100
7900
09:00 h Beginning of the
7700
reduction instructions.
15:00 h End of the
reduction instructions
7500
8:15
8:45
9:15
9:45
10:15
10:45
11:15
11:45
12:45
13:15
13:45
14:15
14:45
15:15
15:45
Hora
ISSUED REDUCTION (MW)
CC.AA.
12:15
9-10 h
10-11 h
11-12 h
12-13 h
13-14 h
14-15 h
Galicia
48
62
74
19
91
19
Asturias
6
35
23
11
14
5
P.Vasco
0
0
0
3
0
0
Navarra
8
0
0
0
0
0
La Rioja
0
5
2
1
0
0
C. León
94
207
224
81
228
67
C. Mancha
88
142
148
49
231
73
TOTAL
243
451
471
164
565
165
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System


The reduction was instructed due to the risk of
losing the interconnection with France if certain
faults occurred, which would cause a sudden
wind generation loss even if the fault was
correctly isolated by the protection equipment.
Set-points were recalculated each hour to adapt
to changing conditions in the wind generation.
34
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Facing the future (i)

Current Challenges in 2011: 20 000 MW wind installed capacity:
 Balance in off-peak hours → downward reserve management is an issue
 Voltage dip tripping should no longer be a problem due to compliance with
the grid code
 Active voltage control with set-points (instead of load factors keeping)

Challenges beyond 2011: Up to 38 000 MW wind installed capacity. Safe
integration will depend on several factors:
 Need for wind generation to provide frequency control (primary reserve,
inertia emulation,…).
 Increase of storage capability: more hydro-pump units
 Need of more flexible and fast thermal plants (open cycle gas turbine)
 Interaction between wind and solar production will be an issue
 Improvement of wind forecast tools
 Demand side management
 More Flexible market mechanisms and regulatory measures
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Facing the future (ii): more flexible market mechanisms
and regulatory measures

Encourage flexible and fast conventional generation throughout capacity
payment:
 Open cycle gas turbines
 Household isolated operation of conventional units

Introduction of negative pricing (balancing markets/energy markets):
 Adequate for manage deep off-peaks and high wind production
 It will encourage more pump storage units and other storage facilities
Inter-TSO balancing actions:
 Need of compatibility of ancillary services to exchange
 Need of compatibility of gate closures associated
 Usage of ATC
 Encourage RES to change from user towards providers of system services

RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System
RED ELÉCTRICA DE
ESPAÑA
Thanks for your attention!
RES Integration in the Spanish Electric System