Tyre cord
Technical textiles
CONTENTS
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Introduction
Parts & structure of tyre cord
Function of parts
Classification of tyres
Raw material in tyre cord
Properties of raw material
Structure of tyre cord fabric
Types of tyre cord
Tire cord manufacturing
Manufacturing process
Uses of tyre cord
Advantages of tyre cord
Comparison with other material
New Developments
Cost of tyre cord
INTRODUCTION
• Tyre is a pressure vessel and cord keeps it dimensionally
stable.
• Tyres have to carry heavy loads, steel and fabric cords
are used in the construction to reinforce rubber
compound and provide strength.
• Tyre yarns of polyester, rayon, nylon, aramid, glass, or
steel are twisted to 5 to 12 turns per inch.
PARTS & STRUCTURE OF
TYRE CORD
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TREAD
RIB
GROOVES
SIPES
SHOULDER
CAP PLIES
STEEL BELT
RADIAL PLIES
BEAD CHAFFER
BEAD
TREAD BLOCK
FUNCTION OF PARTS OF
TYRE
• Tread – it is thick layer (approx. 18-20 mm) of rubber which
comes into contact with road.
• Rib – it is designed for noise suppression.
• Grooves – to traction in all weather, directional control, cool
running and all rolling resistance.
• Sips – serves as the support for the wheel moving on the
road.
• Shoulder – upper portion of the side wall just below the tread
edge that affects tyre heat behavior and cornering
characteristics.
• Cap plies – main load baring components layers of fabric cord
extending from bead to bead to reinforce the tyre and
maintain the shape.
FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF
TYRE
• Steel belt –located below cap plies to increase tensile strength of
tyre. steel belt or layer provides well balanced combination of
rubber & fabric. Thickness is 0.2 to 0.38 mm. this are the steel cord
plated with copper or zinc.
• Radial plies – thin layer of rubber inside the tyre containing
compressed air tube.
• Sidewall –portion between tread to bead. it is rubber sheet 1.5 to
3.5 mm thick protecting tube from any kind of mechanical or
physical damage and moisture penetration.
• bead chafer – narrow strip of flex material around the outside of
the bead that protects tyre against wear & tear and prevent dirt
and moisture from getting into the tyre.
• Bead – structure composed of high tensile strength steel wire which
holds the tyre assembly onto the rim of the wheel for handling
performance.
RAW MATERIAL IN TYRE
CORD
VISCOSE RAYON
ARAMIDE
TEXTILE
MATERIAL
Polyester
NYLON 6
& 66
PROPERTIES OF NYLON 66
• Nylon 66 tends to form strong interchain hydrogen bonds. This
results in a stronger & more crystalline polymer that softens or
melts at relatively higher temperature.
• It has a higher tenacity and is less subjected to shrinkage.
• Better fatigue resistance.
• Higher resonance frequency.
• No flat spotting.
Structure of Tyre Cord Fabric
The tyre cord fabric is
comprised of warp cords
oriented in the longitudinal
direction and weft yarns
oriented in the lateral
direction. The warp cords
are used in reinforcing
pneumatic tires.
TYRE CORD
MANUFACTURING
• The cord fabric consists of yarns of a linear density of
500 tex in warp and common cotton yarns with a
linear density of 16.6-25 tex in weft.
• The properties of cord depend on the number of
plies of thinner and number of twists to be given in
yarn.
Processing of Tyre Cord
• Most tyre companies produce tyre cord
from high tenacity continuous filament
yarn supplied by various fiber
manufacturers.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Steps of manufacturing tyre cord1. Spinning- By melt spinning we get filaments.
2. Twisting
Its purpose is to• To prevent filament breakage.
• Improved coherence of yarns.
• To improve fatigue resistance.
• To improve weaving workability.
3. Cabling- It is done by ply cable
winding machine. Yarn tension
of about 0.02 cN/tex is
recommended.
4. Weaving- 100 or 1500 cords with
3-1 pick per cm of light Cotton,
Rayon, PET yarn threads.
A type of fabric is obtained in one
direction of warp as far stronger
than in the other direction.
5. Dipping- During Tire cord
dipping
process
an
Adhesive was applied & the
fabric is treated under
controlled condition of time.
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After dipping fabric passes
through vacuum suction
lines to remove the excess
dip before entering a drying
oven, where water is
removed.
6. Vulcanization- It is a
process by which rubber is
heated with sulphur to
create a network of
chemical cross-links
M/C INFORMATION
Tyre Cord fabric manufacturing is carried out on special looms:1. Heavy power looms TT-160
2. Automatic loom AT-175K
3. CTE175-KM
Specifications of loom
 Loom width- 190 - 200 cm
(approx)
 Cloth take-up upto 550 mm
or on demand with batching
up to 1200 mm.
 Single warp beam up to 280
cm
 Weft insertion rate up to 550
MPM
Tyre comparision
• Aircraft vs. passenger
tyre applications:
Passenger tyre: all-season
tyre, which is built to
endure long-term wear
while providing
adequate performance
in almost all conditions.
TYPE OF TYRE CORD
NYLON
TIRE CORD
RAYON TIRE
CORD
TIRE CORD
FABRIC
POLYESTER
TIRE CORD
STEEL TIRE
CORD
PROPERTIES
• Nylon tyre cord fabric
1. Optimum reinforcing material
2. High tenacity
3. High toughness
4. Superior fatigue resistance
5. Good adhesion to rubber
PROPERTIES
• Rayon fabric
1. High initial modulus
2. Improves testing
temper about 70-30
degree Celsius
Fabric quality is based on its strength, stretch, shrinkage & elasticity
• Polyester tyre cord fabric
1. High strength
2. Low shrinkage
3. High modulus
4. Increase extensibility
• Steel fabric
1. Tensile strength
2. Elongation
3. Stiffness
4. Superior corrosion
resistance
5. High modulus
USES OF TYRE CORD FABRIC
 POLYESTER - MAINLY USED FOR PASSENGER CAR AND LIGHT
TRUCK RADIAL TYRES.
 NYLON- ARE USED AFTER BEGINNING OPERATION OF
VEHICLE UTILIZING TYRES.
 TO REDUCE PRODUCTION COST.
 ARE USED IN TYRES IN TRUCK, BUS & OFF ROAD VEHICLES.
 STEEL- IT IS USED INSIDE TYRES.
Applications of tyre cord
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Applications
Automotive
Exterior
Passenger car tires
Bus and truck tires
Earth mover, off the road
Industrial tires
Agricultural / farm tires
Agricultural & excavator tracks
Snowmobile tracks
Motor cycle tires
Advantages & uses of tyre
cord
Advantages:
• Meeting the highest performance, safety, environment
and cost criteria
• Innovative constructions for a longer tyre life
• Enhanced wire-to-rubber adhesion for higher safety
• Stronger wires and new cord constructions that lead to
lower costs, lower weight and fuel savings
Uses of tyre cord
• Best reinforcement material:
 reducing friction
 Wears between cord threads during compression,
bending & stretching
 Also greatly improves fatigue resistance, endurance life
& pressure holding performance.
Deals with: Geotextiles & civil engineering.
•Innovative constructions for
longer life
 Polyester tyre cord fabric:
leads to high break strength, dimensional stability, good
in humidity, good creep resistance, high modulus etc.
Deals with: hot water bottles , conveyer belt fabric, high
modulus low shrinkage yarn.
Market view & price ratio of tyre
cord
• Market Forecast - Tire Cord and Tire Fabric Mills:
Market forecasts show the long term outlook for the Tire
Cord and Tire Fabric Mills industry. The following fiveyear forecast utilizes advanced econometric techniques
that take into account both short-term and long-term
industry trends.
DEVELOPMENTS & SCOPE OF
CORD FABRIC
• For high load lifting capacity cord is made for
steel yarn.
• Cord is manufactured of glass fibers in some
countries.
• In recent years, cushion cord fabric for these
tyre is usually made from stiff fibers with the
minimum elongation
• belts reinforced with kevlar aramid fiber
• Improved rubberized fabric sheets used in
waterproof covers, flexible storage bins ,
frictional surface etc.
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