Aphids, scale, whitefly, mealybug…

 http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r73530
0511.html

HOMOPTERA
 Homo: same
 Ptera: wings
 Incomplete
 Piercing-sucking mouthparts
 2 pair or wingless
 Wings held "roof-like"

HOMOPTERA
 Produce honeydew and sooty mold
 Ants feed on honeydew and protect insects

HOMOPTERA
 Parthenogenic : asexual reproduction
 Viviparous : live birth
 Winged aphids disperse in spring and late summer

APHIDS (103)
 Over 200 species, often host specific
 Cornicles (tailpipes), function unclear

APHIDS (103)
 Stem mother produces colony
 All females

APHIDS (103)
HOSTS
 Herbaceous plants (vector disease), river birch, tuliptree, crapemyrtle, pyracantha…
 New growth

APHIDS (103)
DAMAGE
 Bleaching and distorting
 Sticky foliage and sooty mold

APHIDS (103)
MONITORING
 Visual, spring to early summer
 Honeydew, sooty mold

APHIDS (103)
CONTROL
 Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides
 Disrupts beneficial insects
 Ladybeetles, mealybug destroyer, lacewing, wasps

APHIDS (103)
CONTROL
 Predator insects

APHIDS (103)
CONTROL
 Predator insects

APHIDS (103)
CONTROL
 Predator insects

APHIDS (103)
CONTROL
 Predator insects

APHIDS (103)
CONTROL
 Predator insects

APHIDS (103)
CONTROL
 Predator insects

APHIDS (103)
CONTROL
 Observe "mummies“
 Parasitized aphids

APHIDS (103)
CONTROL
 Control ants with sticky barriers

APHIDS (103)
CONTROL
 Oil and soaps
 Prune out

MEALYBUGS (126)
 Technically a type of scale
 Cottony mass on host

MEALYBUGS (114)

MEALYBUGS (114)

MEALYBUGS (114)
DAMAGE
 Feeds all over plant
 Honeydew

MEALYBUGS (114)
DAMAGE
 Stunts, distorts, and yellow

MEALYBUGS (114)
CONTROL
 Oil and soap
 Mealybug destroyer
 Wash foliage with bleach solution

Mealybug Destroyer

HOPPERS
 LEAFHOPPERS (148)
 PLANTHOPPERS (151)
 TREEHOPPERS (151)

HOPPERS
LEAFHOPPERS (148)

HOPPERS
LEAFHOPPERS (148)

HOPPERS
PLANTHOPPERS (151)

HOPPERS
PLANTHOPPERS (151)

HOPPERS
PLANTHOPPERS (151)

HOPPERS
TREEHOPPERS (151)

HOPPERS
HOST
 Woody plants…

LEAFHOPPER
 Controlled by naturally occurring fungus

HOPPERS
DAMAGE
 Sucking damage
 "hopper burn" from toxins during feeding
 Rarely threatens hosts health
 Honeydew

SPITTLEBUGS (151)
Nymph: soft 1/4" hidden in "spit"

SPITTLEBUGS (151)
Adults emerge from "spit"

SPITTLEBUGS (151)
HOST
 Turf and ornamental grasses

SPITTLEBUGS (151)
HOST
 Perennials (cosmos) and woody plants
(Rosemary)

SPITTLEBUGS (151)
DAMAGE
 Distort and dieback

SPITTLEBUGS (151)
MONITOR
 Visual spit in June
 Adults active in July

SPITTLEBUGS (151)
CONTROL
 Wash off
 Prune out infestations

WHITEFLIES (124)
 Adult: small "moth"

WHITEFLIES (124)
 Nymph: scale-like

WHITEFLIES (124)
 Crawlers hatch and insert mouthpart
 Stay until adult
 Last instar is an inactive pupa (not true pupa)

WHITEFLIES (124)
HOST
 Gardenia, privets, other woody shrubs
 Greenhouse pest
 Feed underside of foliage

WHITEFLIES (124)
DAMAGE
 Leaf drop
 Sooty mold

WHITEFLIES (124)
MONITOR
 Yellow sticky cards

WHITEFLIES (124)
CONTROL
 Oil and soap

WHITEFLIES (124)
CONTROL
 Encarsia formosa and other beneficials

WHITEFLIES (124)
CONTROL
 Encarsia formosa

WHITEFLIES (124)
CONTROL
 Other predators

SCALE (145)
 Males: don't feed, live only few hours
 Female: oval and wingless
 Eggs laid under shell

SCALE (145)
 "Crawlers" hatch, move along branch or via wind
 Insert mouthpart and feed

SCALE (145)
Armored scale : secrete waxy covering
 Covering can be removed
 Never move
 Do not produce honeydew

SCALE (145)
Armor Scale
Euonymus scale

SCALE (145)
Armor Scale
Pine scale

SCALE (145)
Armor Scale
Camellia scale

SCALE (145)
Armor Scale
San Jose scale

SCALE (145)
Armor Scale
Oystershell scale

SCALE (145)
Soft scale
 Covering is actual body
 Can move around
 Produce honeydew and sooty mold

SCALE (145)
Soft scale
Cottony Cushion Scale

SCALE (145)
Soft scale
Wax Scale

SCALE (145)
Soft scale
Oak scale

SCALE (145)
DAMAGE
 Weaken plant
 Water stress
 Kill branches

SCALE (145)
MONITORING
 Crawlers in the spring
 Double sticky tape
 Looks like pollen
 Spray at sharp increase

SCALE (145)
MONITORING
 Pheromone traps and degree-day models for San Jose
 Observe parasitized scale

Cycad scale

Cycad scale

SCALE (145)
CONTROL
 Twice stabbed ladybeetle, parasitic wasps…
 Oils in winter, spring, or summer