BODY FLUIDS AND
CIRCULATION
BY
Smt.G.K.VINAYAGAM
PGT(BIO)
K.V,DHARWAD.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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Living organisms are made up of cells .
This cells need oxygen and nutrients for their growth.
These are supplied through circulatory system.
In lower organisms like sponges and hydra circulation is through
water but in higher organisms it through blood and lymph.
BLOOD COMPONENTS


(a)
(b)
(c)
Plasma
Formed Elements;
Erythrocytes
Leucocytes
Thrombocytes
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It has 90_92% of water,6_8% of proteins.
There are 3 types of proteins.
Fibrinogen –Helps in coagulation of blood.
Globulin-Involved in defense mechanism.
Albumin- Helps in osmotic balance.
It has minerals.
Plasma without fibrinogen is called serum.
ERYTHROCYTES
• Human RBC Is devoid
of nucleus
• Biconcave in shape.
• RBC contains
Hemoglobin.
• Life span is 120 days.
• Total count of RBC is 55.5 millions/mm3
• Transport of respiratory
gases.
Leucocytes
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Colorless.
Nucleated.
Total count 6000 to
8000mm3.
Short lived.
TYPES OF LEUCOCYTES
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
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
TYPES OF GRANULOCYTES
•
•
•
•
Eosinophils;
2-3% of Leucocytes.
Resist infections.
Associated with
allergic reactions.
NEUTROPHILS
• 60-65% of
Leucocytes.
• Phagocytic in nature.
BASOPHIL


It secretes
histomine,serotonin&
heparin.
Involved in
inflammatory
reactions.
AGRANULOCYTES

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Lymphocytes; It forms
20-25 % of formed
element.
It is of 2 types
B-Lymphocytes &TLymphocytes.
Both are responsible for
immune responses of
the body.
Agranulocytes

Monocytes;These are
phagocyte in nature.It
forms 6 –8% of formed
element.
BLOOD CLOTTING

Thrombokinase
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Calcium

Fibrinogen


Thrombin Fibrin


Fibrin +Formed Elements
Bloodclot
BLOOD GROUPING
Blood group
Antigens
Antibody
DONATE
BLOOD TO
A
A
anti-B
A,AB
B
B
anti-A
B,AB
AB
A,B
--------
AB
O
-------
AntiA,B
ALL
RH GROUPING
Another surface antigen is also present in
RBC.
 This surface antigen was first reported in
Rhesus Monkey. So it is called Rhesus
factor or RH factor.
 80% of people are Rh+ve ,they have Rh
factor.

RH INCOMPATIBILIITY
FEMALE
 Rh-ve

Anti Rh
antibody
*
FOETUS (Rh+ve)
safe
At child birth
Destroy the 2nd
foetus
Second Foetus
MALE
Rh+ve
LYMPH
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As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues, some
water along with many small water soluble substances move
out into the spaces between the cells of tissues leaving the
larger proteins and most of the formed elements in the blood
vessels.
This fluid released out is called the interstitial fluid or tissue
fluid.
This fluid present in the lymphatic system is called the
lymph.
It has lymphocytes.
It is colourless.
Fats are absorbed through lymph.
CIRCULATORY PATHWAY
OPEN CIRCULATION
• In this blood pumped by the
heart enters into the open
spaces called sinuses.
• Blood flow is not regulated
Closed circulation
• In this blood is confined to
the blood vessels.
• Blood flow is regulated.
Structure of human heart



It is located in thoracic
cavity in between 2
lungs.
It is protected by
pericardium.
It has 4 chambers (2
Atria& 2 ventricles)
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN HEART



Heart is made up of cardiac
muscle.
Right auricle is separated
from Right ventricle by
means of a septum with 3
flaps called tricuspid valve.
Left auricle is separated
from left ventricle by means
of a septum with 2flaps
called bicuspid valve/mitral
valve.
Conducting system of human
heart
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Cardiac cycle initiates from SA node(
Pace maker). It also maintains the
rhythm of heart beat.
It is located in the right upper corner of
right atrium.
From SA node the electrical impulses
reach the AV node.
AV node is located in the lower left
corner of the right atrium.
From AV node it reaches the Bundle of
His.
Finally it reaches the ventricles
through Purkinjee fibres.
Human heart is myogenic in nature.
CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF HUMAN HEART
Cardiac cycle
CARDIAC CYCLE
CARDIAC OUTPUT
• It is the amount of blood pumped by heart
per minute is called heart output or cardiac
output.
• Cardiac output =72*70 ml
•
=5040 ml.
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
ARTERIES
• Carry blood from heart to
different parts of the
body.
• Carry oxygenated blood
except pulmonary
pulmonary artery.
• Deeply seated.
• Valves are absent.
• Have thick walls
VEINS
• Carry blood from different
parts of the body to heart.
• Carry deoxygenated
blood except pulmonary
vein.
• Superficialy seated.
• Valves are present.
• Have thin walls.
DOUBLE CIRCULATION
Deoxygenated blood
Right Atria
Deoxygenated blood
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Lungs
oxygenated blood
Body parts
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Pulmonary vein
oxygenated blood
Systemic arota
oxygenated blood
Left ventricle
oxygenated blood
Left atria
oxygenated blood
DOUBLE CIRCULATION


Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH
(ECG)
ECG; It is the graphical
repersentation of electrical activity
of cardiac chambers.
P wave-Depolarisation of atria
QRS _Depolarisation of ventricles.
TwAVE_Repolarisation of cardiac
chambers.
DISORDER OF CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
 Angina Pectoris
 Heart Failure

SPHYGMOMANOMETER
HYPER TENSION

A persistant rise in diastolic pressure
above 90 mmHg and or systolic pressure
above 140mmHg is termed as
hypertension.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
• It is due to the deposition of cholesterol on
the walls of arteries leading to narrowing
of arteries.
• This also causes hypertension.
• Blood supply to the cardiac muscle is
reduced.
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries
due to ageing.
MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION

Very low blood flow to the cardiac muscle. As
a result cardiac muscle cannot sustain its
function.
ANGINA PECTORIS

Acute pain in the chest due to very less
supply of oxygen to the heart muscle.