National Response Department
Team Coordination Training
Risk Management
PART 1: Risk Management
Team Coordination Training
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Risk Management Cont’d
Operational Risk Management (ORM)
applies to everyone in the Coast Guard Active Duty, Reserve, Auxiliary and
Civilians.
It standardizes and formalizes the Coast
Guard’s ORM policy, Crew Resource
Management (CRM) for aviators and TCT
for surface operators.
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Risk Management Cont’d
Operational Risk Management (ORM)
applies to everyone in the Coast Guard Active Duty, Reserve, Auxiliary and
Civilians.
ORM consists of:
• TCT
• Briefing
• De-Briefing
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Risk Management Cont’d
Risk Management asks, and answers, these
questions:
What hazards exist?
How can the mission be
completed safely?
Ultimate goal is to reduce:
• mishaps
• injuries
• damage
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Hazard
Risk Management Cont’d
Risk Management boils down to:
•
•
•
•
Humans make errors
Mishaps are preventable
Training is essential for mishap prevention
TCT is an important tool for improving team
performance
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The Team
Risk Management reduces injuries and
mishaps.
Team Coordination Training (TCT) is a
training program aimed at improving the way
we look at risk and work as a team.
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The Team
Team Coordination (TC) is a tool to prevent
risk by employing seven critical elements.
The TEAM concept focuses on group
activities to accomplish goals.
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The Team Cont’d
As part of Team Coast Guard,
the Auxiliary must work
together to prevent injuries
while achieving the goal.
The goal must be consistent
with the Coast Guard’s core
values and mission objective.
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The Team
The Team Cont’d
Human error continues to be the most
significant cause of U.S. Coast Guard
mishaps.
60-65% of cutter and boat navigation
mishaps have had human error as a
contributing cause.
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The Team Cont’d
Mishap causes include:
Poor judgment (67%), such as:
• Unknown / misunderstood situation
• Loss of situational awareness
• Inadequate assessment of risks
• Improper GO / NO-GO decisions
• Incorrect information in decision making
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The Team Cont’d
Mishap causes (cont’d):
Inattention (16%), failure to:
• Monitor information displays
• Maintain a proper lookout
• Use proper technique
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The Team Cont’d
Mishap causes (cont’d):
Ineffective Supervision (5%):
• Lax enforcement of standards / procedures
• Not verifying job done correctly
• Lack of oversight
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The Team Cont’d
Although there are no specific statistics
regarding mishaps or casualties in the
Auxiliary, active duty Coast Guard statistics
can be used to better understand the
nature and scope of the problem.
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CG Small Boat Mishap Rate
Rate per 100,000 patrol hours
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Team Coordination
Part 2: Team Coordination
The 7 elements of TC are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Leadership
Mission Analysis
Situational Awareness
Adaptability and Flexibility
Communication
Assertiveness
Decision-making
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Leadership
Team Coordination Training
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Leadership
Effective Leaders exhibit:
• Courage
• Confidence
• Competence
Leadership is not just about giving orders.
Effective Leaders find ways to obtain the willing
participation of others towards accomplishing a
goal.
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Leadership Cont’d
Leaders inspire and motivate others while
managers give detailed directions to complete
tasks by virtue of their position.
Effective leaders earn the trust, respect,
confidence, and loyalty of team members under
their supervision.
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Leadership Cont’d
• Leaders create an atmosphere of openness
and trust within the team.
• ALL team members, including leaders, should
be approachable; suggestions from crew or a
distressed vessel are thoughtfully accepted
and acted upon if appropriate.
• It is a courtesy to say “thank you” for all
suggestions.
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Leadership Cont’d
Effective leaders:
• Update crew on mission progress
• Balance workload among crew members
• Ensure the crew is fully qualified
• Provide feedback on performance
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Leadership Cont’d
In Summary, effective leaders:
• Make good decisions in a collaborative,
team environment.
• Have the courage to make the right
decision, even if unpopular.
• Exhibit confidence based on experience
and ability.
• Are competent, well prepared and mission
oriented.
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Mission Analysis
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Mission Analysis
The process by which operating and
contingency plans are developed to safely
and effectively accomplish the mission.
• Operational plans must be preceded
by information gathering such as:
• Crew fitness
• Mission specifics
• Facility checklists
• Weather forecast
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Mission Analysis Cont’d
Operational plans (CONT'D):
• Failure to gather accurate and
comprehensive information and/or
complacency affects the planning process
and places the mission and crew at risk.
• Contingency planning is critical as
operational plans may change once
implemented.
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Mission Analysis Cont’d
Mission Analysis Includes:
• Complexity of mission
• Environmental factors
• Crew fitness / selection / training
Elements that impact Mission Analysis:
• Crew safety (Priority!!!)
• The mission
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Mission Analysis Cont’d
Operational Risk Management (ORM) plays an
important role in Mission Analysis.
Always conduct a risk assessment with your
crew prior to all patrols or missions. GreenAmber-Red (GAR).
Continually assess and update risk assessment
throughout the mission with your crew.
GAR is a Team Coordination tool for ORM.
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Mission Analysis Cont’d
A GAR assessment is part of an accepted
way to plan and prepare for a mission.
The other parts are Pre- and Post- Underway
Briefs and the Pre-Underway Check List.
Areas of Responsibility (AORs) may use
differing GAR tools to assess risk.
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Mission Analysis Cont’d
Sample GAR Worksheet
Use the GAR
form approved in
your AOR.
There may be
additional
explanatory
pages to a form.
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Mission Analysis Cont’d
• Accept no unnecessary risk
• Accept necessary risk only when benefits
outweigh costs
• Make risk decisions at the appropriate level
• ORM is just as critical in execution as in
planning
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Situational Awareness
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Situational Awareness
•All team members are responsible for
situational awareness, not just the coxswain
•Know what is going on all around, including
aboard the vessel
•Plans are critical to success; be ready to
change plans based on new information or
situations
•Situational awareness is critical to good
decision making
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Situational Awareness
Group Activity
How might we lose our Situational
Awareness?
Identify as many barriers to
maintaining good situational
awareness as possible.
Name some ways to avoid these barriers
and correct loss of situational
awareness.
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Situational Awareness Cont’d
Barriers to situational awareness:
• Confusion over / pre-occupation with task
• Lethargy, fatigue, loss of focus
• Complacency, inactivity, boredom
• Neglect of proper procedure
• Environmental factors, e.g.:
Weather
Engine noise
Sea state
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Situational Awareness Cont’d
Loss of Situational Awareness
Two-Challenge Rule
If a team member has two or more omissions or
questionable actions, the individual is assumed
to have lost situational awareness.
Immediate steps must be taken to re-establish a
healthy, alert environment on board the facility.
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Situational Awareness Cont’d
Loss of Situational Awareness may be
prevented by:
• Including crew in initial mission analysis
• Rotating duties on a regular basis
• Training exercises such as man overboard &
line throwing evolutions, etc.
• Varying the speed and direction of the
vessel or aircraft when possible
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Adaptability
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Adaptability
Effective team members including the coxswain
adapt and are open to new information.
Adaptability - Able to react to changes in:
• Environmental conditions
• Mission factors or complexity
• Crew fitness
• Equipment failures, etc.
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Adaptability Cont’d
Leaders acknowledge that new
information and/or crew input can
change the mission.
All team members must maintain
situational awareness so changes are
quickly identified and prioritized.
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Adaptability Cont’d
Leaders leverage everyone’s ideas
and experience.
Leaders encourage team members to
remain flexible and adapt to new
conditions, ideas and challenges.
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Adaptability Cont’d
Suggested Group Activity
Group Activity
• Adaptability means we are open to change
• Take a few minutes now to identify the kind of
new information that could cause us to change
our operational plan
• From where or what sources might that new
information come?
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Communication
Communication
is the KEYSTONE of
ALL Team Coordination
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Thanks to
Wikipedia
Communication Cont’d
Effective communication is:
• verbal and/or non-verbal
• clear and concise
• understood
Words We Use
Nonverbals, Body
Language
How We Say Words,
Sounds We Make
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Communication Cont’d
Leaders and crew have equal
responsibility to ensure that thoughts
and information are conveyed effectively.
A “feedback loop” is a simple method to
ensure that transmissions are heard and
clearly understood.
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Communication Cont’d
The “feedback loop” acknowledges all
communications by:
• Repeating the message
• Finding a non-verbal method of
acknowledging the message, depending on
the situation
Always ask for feedback or observe behavior
to be sure that the message was received
correctly.
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Suggested Group Activity
Barriers to Good Communication
• Barriers can develop that short circuit or
degrade the quality of communication.
• What kinds of barriers may exist that we can
overcome with a little thought ?
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Suggested Group Activity
•
•
•
•
Some Barriers might be:
Failure to close the feedback loop
Distracting “background noise” such as
engine, wind and other physical
environmental factors
Over-complicating the message. Use the
KISS method if possible (Keep It Simple
Stupid)
Fatigue
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Assertiveness
General
Patton in
1943
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Assertiveness
Assertiveness:
Ability of individual team members to state and
maintain a position that may be unpopular, or
counter to a position taken by others, unless
(until) convinced by facts and logic, and not
based solely on the authority or personality of
others.
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Assertiveness Cont’d
Be assertive, but not aggressive.
• The aggressive person seeks to bully
his/her way through situations for their
own ego or self image.
• An assertive person cares more about the
“mission” than their ego.
Attempt to communicate concerns without
offending those who disagree.
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Assertiveness Cont’d
Summary:
•
•
•
•
Ask task-related questions
Suggest positive alternatives
State opinions calmly but firmly
Avoid letting perceived authoritative
differences threaten mission performance
• Avoid conflict, focus on mission
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Decision Making
Which
one,
Which
one??
Niagara
Falls
Thanks to
Wikipedia
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Decision Making Group Activity
What are the basic steps that might
be taken in the decision making
process?
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Decision Making Group Activity
Decision making should include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Defining a problem or condition
Seeking information
Analyzing & verifying desired outcome
Identifying possible alternatives
Selecting appropriate alternative
Implementing and examining results
Adjusting actions according to results
Team Coordination Training
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Decision Making Cont’d
Making good decisions is the heart of Team
Coordination.
Decisions may impact team safety and mission
success.
The first six elements of TC prepare us to make
better decisions.
The decision making process is a continuous
evaluation of these steps throughout the mission.
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Decision Making Cont’d
The decision making process can take 20
seconds for routine decisions or 20 months
for complex problems.
The process is the same - the depth of
analysis and degree of complexity is always
changing.
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GAR Model
GAR was 14 when they left
What is GAR now?
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Green-Amber-Red Model
What is the level of risk?
Is the level of risk
manageable by the unit?
0
23
44
60
GREEN
(Low Risk)
AMBER
(Caution)
RED
(High Risk)
GO, no change
in control is
required
GO, with
adjustment of
controls for risk
NO GO, beyond
normal
operating limits
GAR Considerations
 SUPERVISION: Coxswain’s experience,
factoring in OPCON/OGA’s oversight for
mission
 PLANNING: amount of information available,
time and equipment needed
 CREW SELECTION: experience level of
crew, trainees?
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GAR Considerations Cont’d
 CREW FITNESS: physical and mental state
of crew
 ENVIRONMENT: factors affecting personnel
and performance of facilities
 EVENT / EVOLUTION COMPLEXITY: time
required and difficulty for the mission.
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GAR is broken down into 6 categories
and scored 0 (low or no risk) to 10 (high
or catastrophic risk)
For Example:
Supervision
Planning
Crew selection
Crew Fitness
Environment
Event Complexity
Rate 0-10
Rate 0-10
Rate 0-10
Rate 0-10
Rate 0-10
Rate 0-10
TOTAL
3
3
4
3
2
3
18
Team Coordination
In summary:
Team Coordination is one of the tools of Risk
Management.
Risk Management is a way of asking these
questions:
• What hazards exist?
• How can the mission be completed safely?
Team Coordination Training
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Team Coordination
In summary (Cont'd)
Risk Management can be a simple system of
using common sense to avoid errors, or it
can be complex methodology that must be
employed in larger scaled operations.
The ultimate goal is the same:
• Reduce mishaps, injuries and damage
• Achieve mission goals
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Team Coordination Training
- Review
Team Coordination is a method used to
implement Risk Management.
Team Coordination is comprised of these 7
elements:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Leadership
Mission Analysis
Situational Awareness
Adaptability and Flexibility
Communication
Assertiveness
Decision-Making
Team Coordination Training
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Team Coordination –
Review Continued
• The Green-Amber-Red (GAR) form is a
tool to determine what risks may be
present and calculate the extent and
seriousness of those risks.
• Good decisions reduce or eliminate
those risks while keeping everyone
safe while accomplishing the mission.
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Team Coordination Training
Final Questions or Comments?
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Thank You
Thank you for your participation in the
Team Coordination Training.
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