Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Mining Booms
Section 2: Ranchers and Farmers
Section 3: Native American Struggles
Section 4: Farmers in Protest
Visual Summary
The Mining Booms
Essential Question What were the causes
and effects of mining booms in the West?
Ranchers and Farmers
Essential Question How did cattle ranchers
and farmers adapt to life in the West?
Native American Struggles
Essential Question How did westward
expansion affect Native Americans?
Farmers in Protest
Essential Question Why did economic reform
movements develop in the late 1800s?
What were the causes and effects of
mining booms in the West?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• vigilante
• subsidy
• transcontinental
• time zone
Academic Vocabulary
• sum
• extract
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Comstock Lode
• Leland Stanford
Which western lifestyle do you think was
the most difficult in the late 1800s?
A. Mining
B. Ranching
0%
C
A
0%
B
C. Farming
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
Gold, Silver and Boomtowns
Miners found gold in the West,
leading to the creation of new
states.
Gold, Silver and Boomtowns (cont.)
• After the California Gold Rush ended in the
mid-1850s, newspapers claimed prospectors
were making large sums of money mining in
the Colorado Rockies.
• Most gold was deep between rock layers,
requiring machinery to extract the particles.
• One of the world’s richest deposits of silverbearing ore, called the Comstock
Lode, was discovered in Nevada
in 1859.
Life of a Mining Boomtown
Gold, Silver and Boomtowns (cont.)
• Gold finds created boomtowns—towns
inhabited by lively, lawless, violent men and
vigilantes.
• Western mining areas increased in
population and by 1890 formed seven new
states.
Mining and the West, 1848–1890
Which western territory was the first to
join the United States in the late 1800s?
A. Washington
B. Colorado
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Wyoming
B
C. Idaho
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Railroads Connect East and West
Railroads transported gold and
silver to market and brought
supplies to the miners.
Railroads Connect East and West (cont.)
• The need for railroads expanded rapidly
between 1865 and 1890.
• Government subsidies and land grants
supported the expansion.
– Much of the land needed came from
Native Americans.
The Steam Locomotive
Railroads Connect East and West (cont.)
• Land grants were offered to two railroad
companies willing to build a
transcontinental rail system, which was
completed on May 10, 1869.
– Union Pacific Company
– Central Pacific Company
The Steam Locomotive
Railroads Connect East and West (cont.)
• The tracks met at Promontory Summit in the
Utah territory, where California governor
Leland Stanford drove in a last golden
spike.
• Effects of the transcontinental railroad
included:
– Increased demand for steel, coal, and
construction supplies
The Transcontinental Railroad
Railroads Connect East and West (cont.)
– New towns along rail lines
– Ranchers and farmers moved west
– Country divided into four time zones
– More efficiency in travel and product
distribution
– A more united America
Which company laid more rail track
during the construction of the
transcontinental railroad?
A. Central Pacific workers
B. Union Pacific workers
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
How did cattle ranchers and farmers
adapt to life in the West?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• Long Drive
• sodbuster
• vaquero
• dry farming
• homestead
Academic Vocabulary
• locate
• factor
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Homestead Act
What would have enticed you to move
your family westward to the Great Plains?
A. Free herd of cattle
B. Acres of your own land
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
D0%
C
D. New opportunities
B
C. Life with Native Americans
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Cattle on the Plains
Ranchers herded their cattle to
railroad towns and shipped them to
new markets in the North and East.
Cattle on the Plains (cont.)
• Longhorns, a tough breed of cattle, roamed
free in the Texas territory.
• Demand for beef was high in the North and
East.
• The Long Drive required ranchers to drive
cattle east 1,000 miles or more to towns
located near railroads for transportation to
other cities.
Cowhands and Cattle Drives
Why did the value of Texas cattle
suddenly increase around 1865?
A. Longhorns were a very
flavorful meat.
0%
D
0%
A
D. Shortage of cattle made their
value increase.
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Abundance of cattle made
their value increase.
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Missouri Pacific Railroad
Life on the Great Plains
Cowhands and ranchers lived
difficult lives on the Plains.
Life on the Great Plains (cont.)
• Storms, stampedes, rustlers, and riding in a
saddle every day for months made cattle
driving hard work.
• Cowhands included:
– Veterans of the Civil War
– African Americans in search of a better life
– Hispanic ranch hands known
as vaqueros
Cowhands and Cattle Drives
Life on the Great Plains (cont.)
• Ranching eventually replaced cattle drives.
Cowhands and Cattle Drives
Why were the lives of cowhands and
ranchers difficult on the Plains?
A. Life was lonely.
0%
D
0%
A
D. All of the above
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Stampedes
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Dust and rain storms
were a problem.
Farmers Settle the Plains
Free land and new farming methods
brought many settlers to the
Great Plains.
Farmers Settle the Plains (cont.)
• Several factors brought settlers to the
Plains:
– Railroads made the journey easier and
cheaper.
– The Homestead Act brought farmers to
the Plains to homestead.
– Above-average annual rainfall made the
land better suited to farming.
Farmers Settle the Plains (cont.)
• Homesteaders settled on the Plains to own
land and be independent:
– Scandinavians searching for economic
opportunities
– African Americans who called themselves
“Exodusters”
Farmers Settle the Plains (cont.)
• To overcome the challenging climate,
sodbusters tried new methods and tools for
farming:
– Dry farming
– Windmills
– Barbed wire fencing
Farmers Settle the Plains (cont.)
• Many farmers went into debt or lost
ownership of their farms.
• The Oklahoma Territory, designated as
“Indian Territory” in the 1830s, was the last
region of the Plains to be settled.
Which group experienced the
greatest change in life on the Plains?
A. First pioneers
B. Ranchers and cowhands
0%
C
A
0%
B
C. Native Americans
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
How did westward expansion affect
Native Americans?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• nomadic
• reservation
Academic Vocabulary
• ensure
• widespread
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Crazy Horse
• Sitting Bull
• Geronimo
• Dawes Act
• Wounded Knee
What action would you have taken
had you been a Native American who
was told you had to move to a
reservation?
0%
C
C. Work with army leaders and
chiefs to find a compromise
B
B. Fight for your land and
your people
A. A
B. B
C.0% C 0%
A
A. Move to reservation willingly
Following the Buffalo
Native Americans of the Great
Plains depended on buffalo to
survive, but railroads threatened
this lifestyle.
Following the Buffalo (cont.)
• Government officials wanted to ensure the
safety of whites moving into Native American
territory, the Great Plains.
• For centuries, some Native Americans lived
as farmers and hunters while others lived a
nomadic life, following herds of buffalo.
• American hunters slaughtered the buffalo to
feed railroad crews and to prevent herds
from blocking the trains.
Which Native American nation lived a
nomadic life?
A. Omaha
B. Osage
0%
C
A
0%
B
C. Sioux
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
Conflict
Conflict between Native Americans
and whites grew as Native
Americans were forced onto
reservations.
Conflict (cont.)
• The Indian Peace Commission
recommended moving Native Americans to a
few large reservations in Oklahoma and the
Dakota Territory.
• Native Americans became angered with the
poor land and the government’s failure to
deliver on promises, which led to
widespread uprisings.
Conflicts With Native Americans
Conflict (cont.)
• At Little Bighorn, Colonel George Custer and
his army were defeated by Sioux and
Cheyenne warriors led by Sitting Bull and
Crazy Horse.
• Apache raids throughout Arizona were led by
Geronimo.
Conflicts With Native Americans
Conflict (cont.)
• The Dawes Act of 1887 called for the
breakup of reservations and gave each
Native American a plot of reservation land,
encouraging them to be farmers and then
American citizens.
• A battle at Wounded Knee was the last
armed conflict between the U.S. government
and Native Americans.
Which of the following events occurred along the Little
Bighorn River in 1868?
A. Several hundred Cheyenne negotiated
a peace deal with the U.S. government.
0%
D
0%
C
D. Thousands of Lakota Sioux
gathered for a Ghost Dance ritual.
A
B
C
0%
D
B
C. Apache leader Geronimo was
the last Native American to
surrender formally to the U.S.
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
A
B. Sioux and Cheyenne warriors
defeated a U.S. army led by
Lt. Col. George Custer.
Why did economic reform movements
develop in the late 1800s?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• National Grange
• cooperative
• populism
Academic Vocabulary
• create
• currency
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• William Jennings Bryan
• William McKinley
Do you believe the government should
control services used by everyone, such
as electricity and telephones?
A. Strongly agree
0%
D
0%
A
D. Strongly disagree
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Somewhat disagree
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Somewhat agree
The Farmers Organize
The National Grange and the
Farmers’ Alliances tried to help
farmers.
The Farmers Organize (cont.)
• Farming expanded in the West and South
after the Civil War, but fell on hard times as
the supply of crops outgrew the demand.
• Farmers blamed their troubles on three
groups:
– Railroad companies
– Eastern manufacturers
– Bankers
Farmers Face Hard Times
The Farmers Organize (cont.)
• Farmers rallied together and created the
National Grange, which offered:
– Education
– Social gatherings
– Support through state laws
– Cash-only cooperatives
Farmers Face Hard Times
The Farmers Organize (cont.)
• The Farmers’ Alliances, which sprang up in
the West and the South, tried to offer
farmers support and some federal
protection.
Farmers Face Hard Times
Why were cooperatives set up
originally as “cash only”?
A. They could charge lower
prices if using cash.
A
0%
0%
C
C. Cash was more
readily available.
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
B. Buying on credit led
to debt.
A Party of the People
The Populist Party supported the
views of farmers and the common
people.
A Party of the People (cont.)
• The Farmers’ Alliances formed a national
political party—the Populist Party—whose
goals were rooted in populism.
• The Populist Party believed:
– That government should own railroads
and telegraph lines
– That the current gold-based
currency should be replaced
with silver coins
The Election of 1896
A Party of the People (cont.)
– That there should be political (single term
for president) and labor (reduced hours)
reforms
– In a national income tax
• William Jennings Bryan, supported by the
Populist Party in the presidential election of
1896, lost to Republican William McKinley.
The Election of 1896
Which was not an idea of the Populist
Party?
A. Direct election of senators
B. National income tax
0%
0%
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
D
C
D. Reduction in working hours
A.
B.
C.
D.
B
C. Gold-based currency
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vigilantes
people who take the law into their
own hands
subsidy
grant of money from the government
to a person or a company for an
action intended to benefit the public
transcontinental
extending across a continent
time zone
a geographical region within which
the same standard of time is used
sum
amount or total
extract
to remove, usually by force
Long Drive
the herding of cattle for 1,000 miles
or more to meet the railroad
vaquero
Hispanic ranch hand
homestead
to acquire a piece of U.S. public land
by living on and cultivating it
sodbuster
a name given to the Plains farmer
dry farming
a way of farming dry land in which
seeds are planted deep in ground
where there is some moisture
locate
establish
factor
contributing circumstance
nomadic
moving from place to place with no
permanent home
reservation
an area of public lands set aside for
Native Americans
ensure
make certain
widespread
far-reaching
National Grange
the first farmers’ organization in the
United States
cooperative
store where farmers bought products
from each other; an enterprise owned
and operated by those who use its
services
populism
appeal to the common people
create
to form; to make
currency
metal coins and paper notes used
as money
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