N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
Introduction to EN 1991
(Eurocode 1: Actions on structures)
Dr-Ing. Nikolaos E. Malakatas
Director of Design and Studies of Road Projects
Ministry of Infrastructures, Transports and Networks - GREECE
Chairman of CEN/TC250/SC1
LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODES
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
EN 1992
EN 1995
EN 1997
EN 1990
Structural safety,
serviceability and
durability
EN 1991
Actions on
structures
EN 1993
EN 1996
EN 1994
EN 1999
EN 1998
Design and detailing
Geotechnical
and Seismic
design
Past and future of the EN 1991
(and the other Eurocodes)
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
Time Period
1980 ’s
Phase
CEN/TC250
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Chairman
Dr Menzies
Technical
preparation under
EC Steering
Committee
1990 –
1998/2000
ENV (under CEN)
Dr Breitschaft
(until 1993)
Dr Lazenby
1998/2000 –
2007
EN (under CEN)
Prof.
Bossenmeyer
Prof.
Gulvanessian
2008 - ?
 Implementation
 Maintenance
 Harmonization
 Dissemination
 Further
development
Prof. Calgaro
Dr Malakatas
Parts and implementation of EN 1991
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
Part of Eurocode 1 :
Actions on structures
Title (Subject)
Issued
EN 1991-1-1
General actions – Densities, selfweight, imposed loads for buildings
April 2002
EN 1991-1-2
General actions – Actions on structures
exposed to fire
November 2002
EN 1991-1-3
General actions – Snow loads
July 2003
EN 1991-1-4
General actions – Wind actions
April 2005
EN 1991-1-5
General actions – Thermal actions
November 2003
EN 1991-1-6
June 2005
EN 1991-1-7
General actions – Actions during
execution
General actions – Accidental actions
EN 1991-2
Traffic loads on bridges
EN 1991-3
Actions induced by cranes and
machinery
Silos and tanks
September
2003
July 2006
EN 1991-4
July 2006
May 2006
Partitioning of the NDPs
among the Eurocodes
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Types of NDPs in the Eurocodes
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
Type 1: Value (s) of (a) parameter (s).
Type 2: Reference to some set of values – table (s).
Type 3: Acceptance of the recommended procedure, choice of calculation approach, when alternatives are given, or
introduction of a new procedure.
Type 4: Country specific data (geographical, climatic, etc.).
Type 5: Optional National chart (s) or table (s) of a parameter.
Type 6: Diagram (s).
Type 7: References to non-contradictory complementary information to assist the user to apply the Eurocodes.
Type 8: Decisions on the application of informative annexes.
Type 9: Provision of further, more detailed information.
Type 10: Reference to information
600
50 1
500
400
400
300
247
200
16 3
10 4
10 0
18
1
15
29
23
0
Ty pe 1
Ty pe 2
Ty pe 3
Ty pe 4
Ty pe 5
Ty pe 6
Ty pe 7
Ty pe 8
Ty pe 9
T y p e 10
EN 1991-1-1: Densities, self-weight,
imposed loads for buildings
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
Forward
 Section 1 – General
 Section 2 – Classification of actions
 Section 3 – Design situations
 Section 4 – Densities of construction and stored materials
 Section 5 – Self-weight of construction works
 Section 6 – Imposed loads on buildings
 Annex A (informative) – Tables for nominal density of construction
materials, and nominal density and angles of repose for stored
materials.
 Annex B (informative) – Vehicle barriers and parapets for car
parks

EN 1991-1-2: Actions on structures
exposed to fire
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
Forward
 Section 1 – General
 Section 2 – Structural Fire design procedure
 Section 3 – Thermal actions for temperature analysis
 Section 4 – Mechanical actions for temperature analysis
 Annex A (informative) – Parametric temperature-time curves
 Annex B (informative) – Thermal actions for external members –
Simplified calculation method
 Annex C (informative) – Localised fires
 Annex D (informative) – Advanced fire models
 Annex E (informative) – Fire load densities
 Annex F (informative) – Equivalent time of fire exposure
 Annex G (informative) – Configuration factor

EN 1991-1-2: Actions on structures
exposed to fire ( cont.)
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
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Forward
Section 1 – General
Section 2 – Classification of actions
Section 3 – Design situations
Section 4 – Snow load on the ground
Section 5 – Snow load on roofs
Section 6 – Local effects
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads (cont.)
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes

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Annex A (normative) – Design situations and load
arrangements to be used for different locations
Annex B (normative) – Snow load shape coefficients for
exceptional snow drifts
Annex C (informative) – European Ground Snow Load
Maps
Annex D (informative) – Adjustment of the ground snow
load according to the return period
Annex E (informative) – Bulk weight density of snow
EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads (cont.)
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
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Forward
Section 1 – General
Section 2 – Design situations
Section 3 – Modelling of wind actions
Section 4 – Wind velocity and velocity pressure
Section 5 – Wind actions
Section 6 – Structural factor cs cd
Section 7 – Pressure and force coefficients
Section 8 – Wind actions on bridges
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions
N. Malakatas
(cont.) Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
Annex A (informative) – Terrain effects
 Annex B (informative) – Procedure 1 for determining the
structural factor cs cd
 Annex C (informative) – Procedure 2 for determining the
structural factor cs cd

Annex D (informative) – cs cd values for different types
of structures
 Annex E (informative) – Vortex shedding and aeroelastic
instabilities
 Annex F (informative) – Dynamic characteristics of
structures

EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes

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Forward
Section 1 – General
Section 2 – Classification of actions
Section 3 – Design situations
Section 4 – Representation of actions
Section 5 – Temperature changes in buildings
Section 6 – Temperature changes in bridges
Section 7 – Temperature changes in industrial chimneys,
pipelines, silos, tanks and cooling towers
EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions (cont.)
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
Annex A (normative) – Isotherms of national minimum
and maximum shade air temperatures.
 Annex B (normative) – Temperature differences for
various surfacing depths
 Annex C (informative) – Coefficients of linear expansion
 Annex D (informative) – Temperature profiles in
buildings and other construction works

EN 1991-1-6: Actions
N. Malakatas
during execution Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes

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Forward
Section 1 – General
Section 2 – Classification of actions
Section 3 – Design situations and limit states
Section 4 – Representation of actions
Annex A1 (normative) – Supplementary rules for
buildings
Annex A2 (normative) – Supplementary rules for bridges
Annex B (informative) – Actions on structures during
alteration, reconstruction or demolition
EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
Forward
 Section 1 – General
 Section 2 – Classification of actions
 Section 3 – Design situations
 Section 4 – Impact
 Section 5 – Internal explosions
 Annex A (informative) – Design for consequences of localised
failure in buildings from an unspecified cause
 Annex B (informative) – Information on risk assessment
 Annex C (informative) – Dynamic design for impact
 Annex D (informative) – Internal explosions
- D.1 : Dust explosions in rooms, vessels and bunkers
- D.2 : Natural gas explosions
- D.3 : Explosions in road and rail tunnels

EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes

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Forward
Section 1 – General
Section 2 – Classification of actions
Section 3 – Design situations
Section 4 – Road traffic actions and other actions
specifically for road bridges
Section 5 – Actions on footways, cycle tracks and
footbridges
Section 6 – Traffic actions and other actions specifically
for railway bridges
EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges
(cont.)
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
Annex A (informative) – Models of special vehicles for road
bridges
 Annex B (informative) – Fatigue life assessment for road bridges
assessment method based on recorded traffic
 Annex C (normative) – Dynamic factors 1 + φ for real trains
 Annex D (normative) – Basis for the fatigue assessment of railway
structures
 Annex E (informative) – Limits of validity of load model HSLM and
the selection of the critical universal train from HSLM-A
 Annex F (informative) – Criteria to be satisfied if a dynamic
analysis is not required
 Annex G (informative) – Method for determining the combined
response of a structure and track to variable actions
 Annex F (informative) – Load models for rail traffic loads in
transient design situations

EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges
(cont.)
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges
(cont.)
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges
(cont.)
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges
(cont.)
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
EN 1991-3: Actions induced
by cranes and machinery
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes

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
Forward
Section 1 – General
Section 2 – Actions induced by hoists and cranes on
runway beams
Section 3 – Actions induced by machinery
Annex A (normative) – Basis of design - Supplementary
clauses to EN 1990 for runway beams loaded by cranes
Annex B (informative) – Guidance for crane
classification for fatigue
EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
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Forward
Section 1 – General
Section 2 – Representation an classification of actions
Section 3 – Design situations
Section 4 – Properties of particulate solids
Section 5 – Loads on the vertical walls of silos
Section 6 – Loads on silo hoppers and silo bottoms
Section 7 – Loads on tanks from liquids
EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks (cont.)
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
Annex A (normative) – Basis of design – Supplementary
paragraphs to EN 1990 for silos and tanks
 Annex B (normative) – Partial factors and combinations of actions
on tanks
 Annex C (informative) – Measurements of properties of solids for
silo load evaluation
 Annex D (informative) – Evaluation of properties of solids for silo
load evaluation
 Annex E (informative) – Values of the properties of particulate
solids
 Annex F (informative) – Flow pattern determination
 Annex G (informative) – Alternative rules for pressures in hoppers
 Annex H (informative) – Actions due to dust explosions

EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
N. Malakatas
(cont.) Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Background Documents
and other supporting material
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
Almost all Eurocodes represent the state-of-the-art in the
respective scientific and technical field at the time of their
drafting
 The scientific and technical basis of EN 1991 included mainly :
- the systematic review of the existing relevant national codes
and practices
- consideration of relevant international standards (e.g. ISO
Standards) or codes (e.g. JCSS Model Codes)
- recent (prenormative) research results (e.g. European Snow
Map)
- calibration of load models based on probabilistic approaches
and appropriate measurements (e.g. traffic loads for road
bridges)

Background Documents and N. Malakatas
Chairman
other supporting material (cont.) CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes


- Well-established relevant international literature
Strictly speaking, as Background Documents (BD) are considered
all of the aforementioned material that has been taken into
account by the relevant Project Team, during the drafting of the
Eurocodes.
All other relevant material, including literature, workshops and
seminars, handbooks, guides and books or articles, are
considered to be additional information and supporting material.
A typical example are the 5 handbooks prepared in the framework
of a Leonardo Da Vinci European Project (Handbook 3 is very
closely linked to EN 1991, since it is dedicated to “Action Effects
on Buildings”, and Handbook 4 is dedicated to the “Design of
Bridges”). This material is accessible on the Eurocodes website.
Background Documents and N. Malakatas
Chairman
other supporting material (cont.) CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
The uploading of the Background Documents (BD) for
EN 1991 is under way by the Secretary of EN/TC250/SC1.
Until recently BD have been uploaded for the following
Parts of EN 1991 :
- EN 1991-1-1
- EN 1991-1-2
- EN 1991-1-3
- EN 1991-1-6
- EN 1991-1-7
and Handbooks 1 to 5
 Additional information can also be found in the relevant
websites, e.g. http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu, and
other links (e.g. NSO et al.)

Present and Future of the EN
N. Malakatas
1991 Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
On national level : Full implementation. Several countries have
already issued their national standard EN 1991, but uploading of
the NDPs in the ad-hoc data base of JRC Ispra goes is still in
progress
Some prospects for the future :
- Establishing additional load models for new railway loads
- Including eventually the ISO Standards on “Waves and
Currents” and on “Atmospheric Icing”
- Extending the Eurocodes to include structural glass, FRP,
membrane structures
(- Extending the snow map and other climatic data to cover the
new EU Member States)
N. Malakatas
Chairman
CEN/TC250/SC1
Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION