PART FOUR Chapter 11: Sculpture and Installation Sculpture methods covered in this chapter include: • Modeling (additive) • Assembling (additive) • Carving (subtractive) • Casting (involves a mold) © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Key Terms for this chapter include: • terra cotta • mold • lost-wax process • “in the round” • low relief (bas-relief) • high relief © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. • contrapposto • installation • earthwork • time-based work Sculpture and Installation Sculpture involves works of art dealing with three-dimensional space. Three-dimensional involves: Height, Width, and Depth “In the round”: Freestanding artwork that can be viewed from any angle; completed on all sides. © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Maman, Louise Bourgeois, 1999, bronze cast Sculpture In relief, forms project from but remain attached to a background surface; meant to be viewed frontally. • Low Relief: Also called bas-relief; figures project only slightly from the background. • High Relief: Forms dramatically project from the background by generally at least half their depth. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: 11.3 Durga Fighting the Buffalo Demon © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Low relief (bas-relief) and High Sarcophagus lid, Mexico, Relief Mayan late Classical Period Durga Fighting the Buffalo Demon, cave, India. MODELING Modeling is an additive process. The sculptor begins with a framework or nothing at all and adds material until the sculpture is finished. It is a very direct method of working. • Clay, also known as terra cotta, is the most common modeling material. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: 11.4 Figurine of a Voluptuous Lady © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Figurine of a Voluptuous Lady, Maya, 700-900, ceramic CASTING Casting is a very indirect method of working. It involves a mold of some kind into which liquid or semi liquid is poured and allowed to harden. • Bronze is a common casting material. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: 11.5 The Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. CASTING The lost-wax process is the most common method for casting. The wax original is destroyed in the process making each sculpture cast unique. © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Bodhisattva, India, 12thc, Pala Dynasty Micael Jackson and Bubbles, Jeff Koons, 1988, ceramic Daylight, Rachel Whiteread, 2010, Resin. CARVING In carving the sculptor begins with a block of material and cuts, chips, and gouges away until the form emerges. It is a subtractive process. • Wood and stone are the principal materials historically used for this process. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: 11.9 Virgin and Child on the Crescent Moon © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Virgin and Child on the Crescent Moon, 1495, Limewood Colossal Head,Olmec, 1500-300, Basalt ASSEMBLING In assembling, individual pieces, segments, or objects are brought together to form a sculpture. It is an additive process. Insert visual(s). Suggestions: 11.11 Cubi XII 11.13 C.F.A.O. © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cubi XII, 1963, Stainless Steel, 1963 C.F.A.O., Martin Puryear, 2006-7. Pine and found wheelbarrow Conjoined, Roxy Paine, 2007. Stainless steel and concrete Sculpture: The Human Figure The human figure is a basic subject for sculpture throughout time. • Contrapposto: Meaning counterpoise or counterbalance; sets the body in a gentle S-shaped curve that implies the potential for human motion. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: 11.20 Apoxyomenos (Scraper) © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Menkaure and Khamerenebty, Egypt, 24902473 BC The Burghers of Calais, Auguste Rodin, 1884-85, Bronze Kuya Preaching, Kamakura period, before 1207 Spirit Spouse, Ivory Coast , early 20th century, wood Dying Slave, Michelangelo, 1535-16 Apoxyomenos, (Scraper),Roman copy of Lyssipos, 320, marble Contrapossto – slight weight shift (from Greeks) Quantum Cloud XX (tornado), Anthony Gormley, 2000, stainless steel Working with Time and Place Human beings also sculpt the landscape and specific environments. There are practical, religious, and aesthetic reasons for this type of sculpture. Insert visual(s). Suggestion: 11.25 Serpent Mound © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Working with Time and Place • Earthwork: A work of art made for a specific place using natural materials found there, especially the earth itself. • Installation: An artist modifies a space in some way and asks us to enter, explore, and experience it. © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Serpent Mound, near Locust Grove, OH Reconstructed Icicles, Andy Goldsworthy, 1995 Fireflies on the Water, Yayoi Kusama, 2002, 150 lights and water Red Room, (Child), Louise Bourgeois, Installation, 1994 The Gates,Christo and Jeanne-Claude, 2/12-17/05, Installation in Central Park Sculpture and Installation: Summary Sculpture Methods Modeling Carving Assembling Casting Key Terms terra cotta mold lost-wax process “in the round” low and high relief © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. contrapposto installation earthwork time-based work