Recent Development in Space
Cheng-I Chen
Presentation at GWS
August 4, 2012
Outline
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Introduction
US Space Program
Space Stations and ISS
Space Transportation after Space Shuttle
Mars and Moon Exploration
Chinese Development
Rocket and Satellite Program of North Korean
Recent Development of NSPO (credit NSPO)
Education Development in 50 years
Key US Space Agencies
It is more than NASA
NASA
Department of Defense
USAF Space Command
Other Military Services (Navy and Army)
National Security Agency (SIGNAT signal intelligence)
NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency)
Department of Commerce
NOAA
National Weather Service
National Envir Satellite, Data, and Information Service
NRO National Reconnaissance Office ( DoD and CIA)
Others –NSF, FAA, etc …
NASA’s Main Missions
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Aeronautics Research
– Air Transportation
– Air Traffic Control
– Aeronautics Test
Science
– Earth
– Heliophysics
– Planets
– Astropysics
Human Exploration and Operations
– ISS
– Space Communication and Navigation
– Launch Service
– Commercial Space Transportation
– Exploration System Development
– Advanced Exploration Systems
– Space Life Science Research and Application
Space Stations and ISS
Salyut 7 Space Station
Skylab Space Station
MIR Space Station
International Space Station (1)
• Cooperative Program among USA, Russia, ESA,
Japan, and Canada
• First Russian Module ‘Zarya’ launched in
November, 1998
• Total of 15 pressured modules (US-7,Russia-5,
Japan-2, ESA-1) in ISS now
• One more Russian module (MLM) is planned for
2013
• Partners agreed to extend the life from 2015 to
2020
International Space Station
(after STS-134 mission; Credit: NASA)
International Space Station (2)
• Life in ISS
– Accommodate 6 astronauts normally
– Expedition 32 crew are in residence now
– Typical duty is 6 months in space
• AMS-2 was added by Space Shuttle flight STS134 in May 2011
• Russia plans to use some of its ISS modules for
the next generation space station OPSEK.
• Other modules are not planned to be reused.
Space Transportation
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Serve the need of reaching space
Provide means of transportation between
the earth and space stations
Requirements and Design are Different for
Crew and Cargo Transportation
Space Shuttle
• The first reusable spacecraft launched April 12, 1981
with Columbia.
• NASA has lost Columbia and Challenger in fatal
disasters.
• Three others (Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour)
retired in 2011.
• The Soviets developed their own reusable craft,
Buran
• Buran flew only once, on November 15, 1988, when
it spent 3.5 hours in space, orbited the earth twice,
and landed, all under remote control
Space Shuttle
• US Space Shuttle (year 1981-2011)
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Six shuttles were built (1 test 5 operations)
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Total of Missions : 135 mission (plus 6
test flights of Enterprise)
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Oribital Weight : 78 tons
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Crew Capacity - 7
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Cargo Capacity - 24.4 tons
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• Russia(Burun), ESA, and Japan all terminated their
shuttle programs before completion
Space Development in the past 50 years
US Commercial Space Transportation
• US Gov’t turns to commercial space transportation after Shuttle
• Major programs:
– Space X
Falcon 9 and Space Dragon
– OSC/Thales Alenia Space
Antares and Cygnus
– Lockheed Martin-led Team Delta IV and Orion
• Other Programs
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Virgin Galactic
Bigelow
Sierra Nevada
Blue Origin
Boeing
SpaceShip Two (suborbital flight for tourists)
Orion Lite
Dream Chaser
New Sheppard
CST-100
View from the International Space Station of the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft as
the station's robotic arm moves Dragon
into place for attachment to the station. May 25, 2012. Photo: NASA
SpaceX’s Space Dragon
• Successful demonstration flight in May 2012
• Fully autonomous rendezvous and docking (with manual
override capability in crewed configuration )
• 6,000 kg (13,228 lbs) payload up-mass to LEO; 3,000 kg (6,614
lbs) payload down-mass
• Payload Volume: 10 m3 (350 ft3) pressurized, 14 m3 (490 ft3)
unpressurized
• Dragon is 4.4 meters (14.4 feet) tall and 3.66 meters (12 feet)
in diameter.
• The trunk is 2.8 meters (9.2 feet) tall and 3.66 meters (12 feet)
wide.
• Supports up to 7 passengers in Crew configuration
Major Components of
Space Dragon (credit SpaceX)
Non-US Space Vehicles
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Russian Spacecraft
Soyuz
Progress
PPTS and Advanced Crew Vehicles (in development)
ESA
ATV
CSTS and ACTS (in development)
Japan
HTV
China
Shunzhou
India
ISRO Orbital Vehicle (in development)
Recent Mars Exploration
• US
– MERS-A Sprit Dover(2003-2011)
– MERS-B Opportunity Dover(2003-now)
– Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2005-now)
– Phoenix (Lander)(2007-2008)
– Dawn (Gravity assist to Vesta)(2007-now)
• ESA
– Rosetta (Gravity assist enroute to comet
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko)(2004-now)
Recent Mars Exploration
NASA Phoenix
The Phoenix lander descended on Mars on May
25, 2008. Mission scientists used instruments
aboard the lander to search for environments
suitable for microbial life on Mars, and to
research the history of water there.
• The program was a partnership of many US
and European Universities and a number of
space agencies and aerospace companies
Recent Mars and Asteroid Exploration
NASA’s Dawn
It was launched in 2007 toward Mars to get
gravity assisted flyby and to orbit around
dwarf planet Vesta from July 16, 2011 to
August 26, 2012.
The spacecraft will then head to Ceres, which it
is scheduled to reach in February 2015.
It is propelled by three xenon ion thrusters and
can produce velocity change of 10km/sec
Vesta, Ceres and Earth's Moon
with sizes shown to scale
New Mars Exploration
NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory
• NASA's MSL, with its Martian rover named
"Curiosity", was launched on November 26,
2011 and contains instruments designed to
look for past or present conditions relevant to
habitability. The Curiosity is scheduled to land
on Mars in August 5, 2012 at 10:31 pm PDT
• Cost of Mission: $2.5B
Mars Science Laboratory
Landing of Curiosity
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Cruise Distance: 354 million miles
Distance to Earth: 154 million miles
Communication Delay: 14 minutes
Touch Down Operation: 7 minutes
Touch Down Phase:
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S-Curve Maneuver (13000 mph->900mph)
Parachute (to about 1 mile altitude)
Rocket Burn (slow down to 2 mph)
Hovering ,Spool Cable to lower the Curiosity
Cut Cables
Curiosity's Landing on Mars
Viedo of Curiosity’s Final Arrival
• SHOW VIEDO
Recent Mars Exploration
Russia’s Fobos-Grunt Lander
• In September 2011, Roscosmos' Fobos-Grunt
lander with sample return was launched.
• It is intended to obtain surface samples from
the Martian moon Phobos
• The Fobos-Grunt mission suffered a complete
control and communications failure during
launch and was left stranded in low Earth
orbit and later falling back to Earth.
Recent Mars Exploration
CNSA’s Yinghhou螢火1
• Launched on November 8, 2011, Yinghou-1
was Chinese first Mars-exploration space
probe
• It was launched along with the Russian FobosGrunt sample return spacecraft and intended
to orbit Mars for around two years, studying
the planet's surface, atmosphere, ionosphere
and magnetic field.
• Burns to depart Earth orbit fialed
Future Mar Exploration
NASA’s MAVEN
• Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) is
the only currently planned NASA’s future Mars
exploration mission
• The planned mission will send a space probe to orbit
Mars and study its atmosphere
• It will help determine what caused the
atmosphere —and water— to be lost to space
• To be launched in late 2013 and reaches Mars in Fall
of 2014
Future Mar Exploration
ESA ExoMars 2016-2018
The EAS-led program is originally joined by NASA
and Russia
NASA backed out due to funding problem
Mission 2016 - The Gas Orbiter and EDM Lander
Mission 2018 – Lander and Rover
ESA ExoMars 2016
• Artist's concept of the ExoMars 2016
spacecraft, which consists of the Trace Gas
Orbiter and the Entry, descent and landing
Demonstrator Module (EDM).
CREDIT: ESA-AOES Medialab
Chinese Space Development
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Overview
Launch Vehicles
Manned Space Program
Chinese Space Station
Moon Exploration
Navigation Satellites
Chinese Space Development
Overview
Chinese Space Development
Recent Major Milestone
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October 15, 2003 China‘s 1st Manned Mission Shenzhou-5
October 12, 2005 Launched 2nd Manned Mission
September 2008 First Space Walk on 3rd Manned Mission
September 2011 Launched Tiangong-1,an Unmanned
Rendezvous Module
• November 2011 Completed a docking of the Shenzhou-8 with
the Tiangong 1 by remote control
• 2012 June 16 launched Shenzhou-9 with 3 Astronauts to Dock
with Tiangong 1 automatically and manually
Chinese Launch Vehicles
Long March Families
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Long March 1
Long March 1D
Long March 2A
Long March 2C
Long March 2D
Long March 2E
Long March 2E(A)
Long March 2F
Long March 2F/G
Long March 3
Long March 3A
Long March 3B
Long March 3B(A)
Long March 3B/E
Long March 3C
Long March 4A
Long March 4B
Long March 4C
Long March 5
Long March 6
Status
Stages
Retired
3
Retired
3
Retired
2
Active
2
Active
2
Retired
2 (plus 4 Strap-on boosters)
In development2 (plus 4Strap-on boosters)
Active
2 (plus 4Strap-on boosters)
Active
2 (plus 4 Strap-on boosters)
Retired
3
Active
3
Retired?
3 (plus 4 Strap-on boosters)
In development 3 (plus 4Strap-on boosters)
Active
3 (plus 4 Strap-on boosters)
Active
3 (plus 2 Strap-on boosters)
Retired
3
Active
3
Active
3
In development 3
In development 3
LEO (kg)
300
930
1,800
2,400
3,100
9,500
14,100
8,400
11,200
5,000
8,500
12,000
3,000
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4,000
4,200
4,200
25,000
GTO(kg)
3,500
3,370
N/A
1,500
2,600
5,100
6,000
5,500
3,800
(SSO) 1,500
(SSO) 2,200
(SSO) 2,800
14,000
(SSO) 500
Long March II-F rocket transported to the launch pad. Image released June 11, 2012.
CREDIT: China Manned Space Engineering
Launch History of CZ-2F
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Date & Time (GMT)PayloadOutcomeRemarks
19 November 1999, 22:30Shenzhou 1SuccessFirst unmanned test of the Shenzhou capsule
9 January 2001, 01:00Shenzhou 2SuccessSecond unmanned test of the Shenzhou capsule,
carried live animals
25 March 2002, 14:00Shenzhou 3SuccessThird unmanned test of the Shenzhou
capsule.
29 December 2002, 16:40Shenzhou 4SuccessFinal unmanned test of the Shenzhou capsule.
15 October 2003, 01:00Shenzhou 5SuccessChina's first manned spaceflight
12 October 2005, 01:00Shenzhou 6SuccessSecond manned spaceflight, first with two crew
members
25 September 2008, 13:10Shenzhou 7SuccessThird manned spaceflight, first with three crew
members, first to feature Extra-vehicular activity
29 September 2011, 13:16Tiangong 1SuccessThe first Chinese space station, with a modified
version of Long March 2F
31 October 2011, 21:58Shenzhou 8SuccessUnmanned spaceflight to test automatic
rendezvous and docking, with a modified version of Long March 2F
16 June 2012 18:37 Shenzhou 9Success Manned spaceflight to test automatic and Manual
rendezvous and docking, with a modified version of Long March 2F
CZ-2F (LM-2F)
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Function: Man-rated orbital launch vehicle
Manufacturer Country of Origin: China
SizeHeight: 62 meters (203 ft)
Diameter: 3.35 meters (11.0 ft)
Mass: 464,000 kilograms (1,020,000 lb)
Stages: 2
Capacity Payload to LEO: 8,400 kilograms (19,000 lb)
Associated Rockets Family: Long March
Launch History Status: Active
Launch Sites :, JSLC
Total launches:10 Successes: 10
Maiden flight: 19 November 1999
Shenzhou spacecraft
• China’s Shenzhou spacecraft are derived from
the three-module Soyuz spacecraft built by
Russia. They consist of an orbital module, a
crew capsule and a propulsion module. But
unlike Russia’s Soyuz, the Shenzhou’s orbital
module has its own solar arrays, allowing it to
linger in orbit for months after its crew has
returned to Earth.
3 Modules of Shenzhou Spacraft
Shenzhou Series
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Shenzhou 1 – November 19, 1999 – unmanned test flight
Shenzhou 2 – January 9, 2001 – carried animals
Shenzhou 3 – March 25, 2002 – carried a test dummy
Shenzhou 4 – December 29, 2002 – carried a test dummy and several science
experiments
Shenzhou 5 – October 15, 2003 – 14 Earth orbits carrying Yang Liwei
Shenzhou 6 – October 12, 2005 – five day mission with Fei Junlong and Nie
Haisheng
Shenzhou 7 – September 25, 2008 – three man crew with Zhai Zhigang, Liu
Boming, and Jing Haipeng; spacewalk performed by two crew members
Shenzhou 8 – October 31, 2011 – unmanned mission carrying 2 test dummies,
which rendezvoused and docked with Tiangong-1.
Shenzhou 9 – June 16, 2012 – three-person crew (one female), docked with
Tiangong-1. The spacecraft returned to earth on 29 June 2012 with three crew
members appearing in good health.
Photo of the Shenzhou 8 spacecraft undergoing testing earlier
in 2011.
CREDIT: China Manned Space Engineering Office
View full size image
Chinese Space Station
• September 29, 2011, China launched Tianggong 1, later
docked with Shenzhou 8 and Shenzhou 9
• Tiangong-2 is scheduled to be launched around 2013. It
weights about 20 tons
• Tiangong-3 will be launched around. It weights about 22 tons
• Chinese Space Station will consist of one Core Cabin Module
and two Laboratory Cabin Module and weight about 65 tons.
It will launch in the 2020-2022 timeframe and and will
support three astronauts for long-term habitation. Resupply
craft and manned Shenzhou craft will be able to provide
needed space transportation
Tiangong 1 and Shenzhou 9
Docking and Berthing
• Technical Issues Related to Berthing & Docking
– Orbital Adjustment
– Attitude Alignment
– Ranging
– Approach and Capture
– Date Interface
Docking Interface
• Two basic types of docking system
– Non-androgynous Docking System (Used by most
earlier Russian System for automatic docking)
• Role can not be switched
– Aandrogynous Docking System (Used in more
recent system, including international programs)
• Active and Passive role can be switched
• Allow cascade docking
– Docking Adaptor can be used
Docking Interface
• There are many standard docking interfaces:
– Docking Adaptor can be used
– There are a lot of plugs for gas and electrical
circuits that must be perfectly aligned," s must
also be precisely positioned to be connected
Docking Accident of MIR with Progress in 1997
Progress smashed into Solar Panel and wall of Spektr Module during
manual docking, causing it to depressured. MIR lost half of its power due
to solar panel damage and the pressured module Spetkr containing half
of US experiments was also abandoned
Docking of Shenzhou with Tiangong
• Similar to the Russian-designed APAS system, used in
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the Russian Mir Space
Station, and by Space Shuttles visiting ISS
• Shenzhou is the Active Vehicle for docking
• Automatic docking is demonstrated in Shenzhou 8
mission and manual docking is performed in
Shebzhou 9 with crew on-board
• There are a lot of plugs for gas and electrical circuits
that must be perfectly aligned," s must also be
precisely positioned to be connected
Viedo of docking
Chinese Lunar Exploration Plan
• First phase lunar program (嫦娥-1) — launched in 2007
with CZ-3A: two lunar orbital probes
• Second phase lunar program (嫦娥-2)— to be launched
in 2012 with CZ-5/E:first Moon landing of a couple of
rovers
• Third phase lunar program (嫦娥-3) — to be launched
in 2017 with CZ-5/E: automated Moon landing and
return sample
• Fourth phase lunar program (嫦娥-4) — to be launched
in 2024 with CZ-7: crewed mission
Chinese Navigation Satellite
Beidou System
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Total Satellites: 35 (expected in 2020)
Coverage: Asia now and global in 2020
Orbital: High and Medium
Possition Accuracy (civil): 10m
Velocity Accuracy: 0.2m/sec
Timing accuracy: 0.02 msec
North Korean Satellite Launch
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Designation
Date
Launch Site
Taepodong-2
4 July 2006[1
Tonghae
flight, possibly intended to be suborbital
Payload
Unknown
Remark
Failed early in
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Unha-2
orbit
5 April 2009
Tonghae
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2
Failed to reach
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Unha-3
orbit
13 April 2012
Sohae
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Failed to reach
• Due to the secrecy of North Korea's ballistic missile
program, technical details are scarce. According to
several analysts the Unha's first stage consists of four
clustered Nodong motors, which themselves are
enlarged Scud motors. The second stage is supposed to
be based on SS-N-6 technology North Korea is known
to have acquired. The third and last stage might be
identical to the Iranian Safir's second stage which is
propelled by two small gimbaled motors. Also North
Korea has probably not yet developed a nuclear
warhead small enough to be fit on their ballistic
missiles.
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History of NASA's annual budget (millions of US dollars)
Year NASA budget (Nominal)(in $Millions) % of Fed Budget[4][5] 2007 Constant
Million Dollars 1958 89 0.1% 488 1959 145 0.2% 1,841 1960 401 0.5% 3,205 1961 744 0.9% 6,360
1962 1,257 1.18% 12,221 1963 2,552 2.29% 24,342 1964 4,171 3.52% 33,241 1965 5,092 4.31%
33,514 1966 5,933 4.41% 32,106 1967 5,425 3.45% 29,696 1968 4,722 2.65% 26,139 1969 4,251
2.31% 21,376 1970 3,752 1.92% 18,768 1971 3,382 1.61% 15,717 1972 3,423 1.48% 15,082 1973
3,312 1.35% 14,303 1974 3,255 1.21% 11,494 1975 3,269 0.98% 11,131 1976 3,671 0.99% 11,640
1977 4,002 0.98% 11,658 1978 4,164 0.91% 11,411 1979 4,380 0.87% 11,404 1980 4,959 0.84%
11,668 1981 5,537 0.82% 11,248 1982 6,155 0.83% 11,766 1983 6,853 0.85% 13,051 1984 7,055
0.83% 13,561 1985 7,251 0.77% 13,218 1986 7,403 0.75% 13,421 Year NASA budget (Nominal) % of
[4][5] 2007 Constant
Fed Budget
Million Dollars 1987 7,591 0.76% 17,735 1988 9,092 0.85% 14,454 1989 11,036 0.96% 16,734 1990
12,429 0.99% 18,019 1991 13,878 1.05% 19,686 1992 13,961 1.01% 15,310 1993 14,305 1.01%
18,582 1994 13,695 0.94% 18,053 1995 13,378 0.88% 16,915 1996 13,881 0.89% 16,457 1997
14,360 0.90% 15,943 1998 14,194 0.86% 15,521 1999 13,636 0.80% 15,357 2000 13,428 0.75%
14,926 2001 14,095 0.76% 15,427 2002 14,405 0.72% 15,831 2003 14,610 0.68% 16,021 2004
15,152 0.66% 15,559 2005 15,602 0.63% 16,016 2006 15,125 0.57% 16,085 2007 15,861 0.58%
15,861 2008 17,318 0.60% 17,138 2009 [6] 17,782 0.57% 17,186 2010 [7] 18,724 0.52% 17,804 2011
[8] 18,448 0.53% 17,005 2012 (est.) [8] 17,770 0.48% 16,014 2013 (proj.) [8] 17,711 2014 (proj.) [8]
17,711 2015 (proj.) [8] 17,711 Notes: Sources: U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) (needs
proper citation-link, numbers here differ from NASA Pocket Statistics),
National GDP in 2004
Percent spent on space
• USA 11.8 trillion 0.14% (NASA)
• Europe 11.7 trillion 0.03% (not inc. individual
agencies)
• Japan 3.7 trillion 0.05%
• China 7.3 trillion 0.02%
• Russia 1.4 trillion 0.06%
• India 3.3 trillion 0.03%
• Taiwan (2011) 0.4 Trillion 0.01%
Thank You For Your Attention
SPACE
is
The Frontier of Today and Tomorrow