Five sisters a.k.a.
Italian organized
crime
12. 7. 2012
Petr Kupka
„Five sisters“
Campania – Camorra
Puglia – Puglian
criminal structures
(Sacra Corona Unita)
Basilicata – Basilischi
(´Ndrangheta)
Calabria ´Ndrangheta
Sicilia – Mafia/Cosa
Nostra
2
Criminal systems or
organizations?
3
Cosa Nostra: prologue
• Existence of Mafia has been just suspected until
1970´s (mentality vs. organization)
• Tomasso Buscetta – pentito (witness „insider“)
• local (control of territory) – national (penetration
of state institutions) – international level (drug
trade)
• Honor = loyalty and confidentionality (initiations
rituals); spirituality = honor
• Murder as a strategy of power enforcement
Patriarchal systém of organization
• Secret societies = political function of middle class4
Cosa Nostra: historical excursion
• Sicily – colonial domination until 1860´s
• Gabelloti (leaseholders), briganti (brigands), malandrini
(thiefs), mafiossi (members of secret societies)
• Citrus fruits as a main article of business
• Revolt and riots in the 19th century = societal and
economical opportunity
• Modern bureaucratic institutions vs. Criminal gangs vs.
New bussines companie vs. Political cliques
• Violence as a service sector; maffioso – violence „expert“;
pizzo – payment for protection
Cosa Nostra: paradigm of
complexity (Santino 2003)
• Permanent structural phenomenon
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•
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Società mafiogena:
Violence and illegality as a strategy of survival,
Violence and illegality are not punished,
Weak legal economy to offer an alternative
State and institutions seem to be unattainable
and are achievable through
• Negligible societal response
Cosa Nostra: vývojové fáze (Santino
2003)
• Incubation phase (16th-19th cent.) – Sicily as a
semiperiphery characterized by violence oligopoly divided
between state and power of barons
• Agrarian phase (mid 19th-cent. – mid 20th-cent.) – mafia
as an expression of middle class; cooperation vs.
competition with landlords; role of mafia during
debarkation of Allies in 1943
• Urban-enterpreneurial phase (50´s-60´s) – emigration to
USA; speculation in the real estate market; mafia as state
bourgeoisie; international contacts
• Financial phase (70´s – 2006) – drug trade and
legalization and cumulation of finance through financial
sector, power struggles in Cupollla, visibility
• New mafia (after 2006) – „Corleone“ family defeat, effect
of LAE succes, question of power distribution on Sicily
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´Ndrangheta: prologue
• Andragathia – masculinity, Andragathia
Regio – region
• Reason and effect of Calabria backwardness
• Vertical form of management was never
adopted
• „The ubiquitous structure lacking strategic
direction, but characterized by organic
intelligence “ (DIA)
´Ndrangheta “
• Legend „Osso, Mastrosso a Carcagnosso - società Garduna
di Toledo“
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•
•
Predeterminants of creation first´ndrine and honorable
society
Confino – person accused of memebership in mafia, who
is enforced to move from the original region
1884 – word „mafia“ used in the context of confino to
describe the Calabrian society
Farmers, shepherds and artisans poverty and fear
Chudoba a strach farmářů, pastýřů a řemeslníků
2 leverls of power: protection + extortion and control of
electorate
´Ndrangheta: schism
• Interwar period – agriculture; infiltration within the state
administration
• Re-organization ´ndrine deliberated of political interests –
pizzo as a key element of business – criminalization of
organization
• Afterwar period – robberies, extortions
• Transformation process connected with regional
industrialization, urbanization and entertainment
industry
• Since 60´s attempts to monopolize all economical
opportunities in Calabria + accumulation of capital
through extortion, kiddnapings and drug trade
• Since 70´s costruction industry and public contracts
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´Ndrangheta – structure
• horizontal – criminal clan (locale), created by two
and more families (´ndrine)
• La Santa – since 70´s autonomous elite; new
rituals, new positions and less members; La Santa
is not hierarchically superior
• Foundation by´ndrine Piromalli (Gioia Tauro) a
De Stefano (Regio Calabria)
• Direct contacts to masonery
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´Ndrangheta: pax mafiosa
• 1974-1979 First faida; power equilibrium
• 1970-1988 Kidnappings era
• 80´s – no more support for politicians;
putting ´Ndrangheta´s own persons into
the political system
• 1984-1991 Second faida (Regio Calabria)
• 1991 – creation of every-year elected
position „capo-crimine“ (mediation of
internal conflicts)
Camorra: prologue
• Development in poor neighborhoods
around Napoli
• Gumurra – red cloth coat brought to Naples
by Hispano-Serbian businessmen from
Sardinia in the period of Spanish
domination
• Prison as a social market
• Initial rituals inspired by catholicism
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Camorra: historický exkurz
• 1820 – foundation of Bella Società
Riformata (social function)
• First research in 1863
• After 1861 problems with high crime rates
and malavita (underground) – government
representatives found a „special force“ of
camorristi in order to have low class under
control because of potential rebellion =
institutionalization of criminal social
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control
Camorra: the offspring of
AMGOT and sicilian mafia
• Exploitation of malavita against fascist
regime
• Era of Pascalone 'e Nola (Pasquale
Simonetti and „first lady of Camorra“
Pupetta Maresca)
• 70. léta – Nuova Camorra Organizzata
(NCO; Raffaele Cutolo) vs. Nuova Famiglia
(Zaza, Nuvoletta, Alfieri atd.) + Cosa Nostra
(!)
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Camorra: Nuova Camorra
Organizzata
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Raffaele Cutolo – „the professor“
Recovery of camorra principles
Prison as a key social space
Startegy – visibility
Limited control of territory
In oppostion to the Nuova Famiglia
Camorra: Casalesi
• One of the most influential clan in Campania
• Other structures: Alleanza di Secondigliano,
Nuvoletta, Di Lauro
• Michele a Pasqaule Zagaria, Antonio Iovine
• „trinity“ of leaders (criminal, politican,
businessman)
• Limited social mobility
• Perceived as „dirty Camorra“ until publication of
book „Gomorra“
Apulijský zločinecký systém
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjQdUk
LCce0&feature=related
• Mafia del Gargano – pastoral type of mafia
• Nuova Grande Camorra Pugliese – Cutolo
• Sacra Corona Unita – founded as an answer
to NGCP – puglian criminal identity;
question of existence; smuggling;
legitimacy got by ´Ndrangheta
• Several clans „undocked“ in criminal
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netowrks (Parisi, La Rossa)
Basilischi
• Fifth mafia - 2007
• Legitimacy got by ´Ndranghety (clan
Belloco) in 1994
• Basilicata perceived as a silent oasis
• Beggining of criminal activities after 1980
eathquake
• Prisons in Lucania perceived as a
„universities of crime“ (prisoners for Sicily,
Calabria, Puglia, Campania)
Thank you for your attention!