Lecture:Air Pressure

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Air Pressure and Wind
Pressure: the amount of force exerted per unit of surface area
Pressure can be increased in 2 ways
1. By increasing density or decreasing the volume
2. By Increasing the temperature
Air Pressure and Wind
Key factor: Unequal heating of the Earthtemperature
Changes cause pressure changes!
Air Pressure:
Exerted in all directions
P2
air
P1
If P1>P2, then the “box” would
Move to your right.
Therefore air moves from
Higher pressure to lower pressure
Standard Sea Level Pressure= 1013.2 mb
Wind:
H
L
Measurement of Air Pressure
Mercurial Barometer
Measurement of Air Pressure
Aneroid Barometer
The Distribution of Pressure
Pressure Gradient & Pressure Gradient Force (PGF)
The change in pressure over a distance
On a Surface Map:
Isobars: Lines of Equal pressure
-The spacing indicates the strength of the PGF
Where is an area
Of high winds?
…weak winds???
Pressure Gradient Force (PGF)
•Creates the wind
•“Blows” from high pressure to low pressure
Closely spaced isobars indicate: faster change in pressure
Over a distancestrong pressure gradient, and thereforeSTRONG WINDS!!
Loosely spaced isobars indicate:
slower change in pressure
Over a distanceweak pressure gradient, and therefore WEAK WINDS!!
Wind direction
Vertical Pressure Gradient Force (PGF)
WE KNOW:
•Pressure decreases with height
•PGF moves air from high to low pressure
SO…….
Why isn’t air always blowing upward?????
Answer: Hydrostatic Balance gravity!
g
VPGF
Wind
Three Forces:
•Pressure Gradient Force (PGF)
•Coriolis Effect (CF)
•Friction
Wind
Coriolis Force (CF)
p.106
4 Fundamental Characteristics
•Occurs because the Earth is rotating!
•All objects are deflected
•To the right in N. Hem. And to the left
in the S. Hem.
•Only affects wind direction
•Affected by wind speed
•Strongest at the poles, weakens equatorward
Wind direction
Wind
Friction (F)
•Important to wind in the first 1.5 km at Earth’s surface
•Acts to slow air movement!!!!
Upper Air: Not affected by friction
Upper Air Winds
Read pp. 108-110
……………….
500mbwarm
………………………..
500mbcold
heat
m
m
1. As the column heats up, it expands
2. It’s mass stays constant, but it stretched over a longer distance
a. Therefore you have a lower density
3. The height of 500mb is higher.
Upper Air Winds
Therefore, in the upper air we plot heights instead of pressure!!!!!!
Height contours: lines of equal height
Properties of height contours
1. The slope of the height contours is proportional to the horizontal
pressure gradient.
2. Heights decrease towards colder air
3. They are label in decameters (units of 10m)
4. They are plotted at an interval of 60m
Can you see the Jet
Stream?
Where are the highest winds??
Upper Air Winds
Forces affecting winds in the upper air
NO FRICTION!!!!
Only the pressure gradient force and coriolis force
Fig 4-12 on p. 109
Geostrophic flow:
•air is flowing in a straight line
•Air has no acceleration
•PGF=CF
Gradient flow:
•air is constantly changing direction
•Air has acceleration
•The PGF does not balance the CF
Highs and Lows
Low: Cyclone
High: Anticyclone
L
H
What happens when the forces we just described
Are applied to pressure centers?  Fig.4-14
Upper Air Pressure Systems
Why do winds around a low circulate counterclockwise??
Why do winds around a high circulate clockwise??
V
L
PGF
PGF> CF
Therefore wind turns
CCW
CF
V= Wind’s original direction
PGF=pressure gradient force
CF=Coriolis force
CCW=counterclockwise
CW=clockwise
H
PGF
CF
V
CF > PGF
Therefore wind turns
CW
Surface Pressure Systems
V
L
PGF
Friction slows the wind
Weakens the CF
CF
F=friction
CF is outward force in low
Therefore winds will circulate
CCW and INWARDS!!!
CONVERGENCE
F
H
PGF
CF
V
CF is inward force in high
Therefore winds will circulate
CW and OUTWARDS!!!
DIVERGENCE
Troughs and Ridges
p. 113 fig.4-19
Trough
L
H
Ridge
How the Upper Air is Connected to the Surface
The upper air drives the weather at the surface
•The jet stream is a river of strong winds
•Moves from West to East
•Exists at 200 (summer) or 300mb (winter)
•Brings the weather!
Wind slows as it makes
this turn and therefore wind
Converges on the west
side of an upper level trough
Chapter 10 p.285
Fig. 10-6
Wind speeds up as it comes
Out of the turn and therefore
Wind diverges on the east
side of an upper level trough
How the Upper Air is Connected to the Surface
p. 286 fig. 10-7
Below the area of convergence in the jet stream trough, air sinks
Causing a build up of pressure at the surface
therefore, surface high pressure forms below the west side of an upper
Level trough
Below the area of divergence in the jet stream trough, air rises
Causing a pressure drop at the surface
therefore, surface low pressure forms below the east side of an upper level
trough
H
L
The upper level trough causes the surface systems to form, strengthen
And move!
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