Scanner Course #4
Controlled and Special Use Airspace
Plot a Route on a Sectional Chart
Grid Sectional Charts
Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training:
Tasks P-2012, O-2013, O-2003
Scanner Course #4
Controlled and Special
Use Airspace
Scanner Course #4
Controlled and Special-Use
Airspace

Military Operating Area (MOA) (Magenta
hatched outline)
–
–

Military Training Routes (Gray lines)
–
–
–
–

Military may be conducting high-speed operations
VFR aircraft are not prohibited
Instrument routes (IR) Flown above 1500’ IFR
Visual routes (VR) Flown at or below 1500’ VFR
Difficult to see (grey) military aircraft not restricted
to < 250 KTAS below 10,000’ as civilian aircraft,
may be much faster
Depiction is misleading: Widths vary- might be be
4 miles either side or might 9 miles either side of
Centerline
Restricted Areas (Blue hatched outline, RXXXX)
–
–
Military may be conducting air-to-ground bombing
or gunnery practice
No other aircraft are allowed
Scanner Course #4
Controlled and Special-Use
Airspace

Airports
–
–
Shape and symbols depict size
and facilities
Color depicts controlled or not


Blue indicates Control tower (at
least some times)
Magenta indicates uncontrolled
Scanner Course #4
Controlled and Special-Use
Airspace

Prohibited Areas (Blue
hatched outline, P-XXX)
–
–
No aircraft are allowed for
national security or other reasons
Example is the White House
Scanner Course #4
Airport
Uncontrolled
Multiple paved runways
fuel available
Airport
Uncontrolled
Special Use
Airspace
No paved runways
fuel available
Restricted Airspace
Military Airport
With Control Tower
Scanner Course #4
Prohibited Airspace
Airport
Uncontrolled
Multiple paved runways
fuel available
Military Operations Area
IFR Military Training Route
Scanner Course #4
Airport with Control Tower
Uncontrolled Airport
Uncontrolled Airport
Low Level
Military Training Route
Scanner Course #4
Controlled and Special-Use Airspace

Great flash cards available on AOPA website
http://www.aopa.org/asf/publications/airspacecards.pdf
Scanner Course #4
Plot a Route on a
Sectional Chart
Scanner Course #4
An example

We want to fly from Honker Flats Airport to
Norris Airport in Minnesota…

So we:
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–
–
–
–
Locate departure and destination on the chart
Lay a plotter along the route with grommet on
Latitude or Longitude line
Read the course
Read the distance
Note magnetic variation
Scanner Course #4
Plotting a course
True course:
084 degrees
Magnetic variation: 4
degrees East
Distance: 47 NM
Scanner Course #4
Dead reckoning:
The calculation, part one
True course
minus East magnetic variance
or plus West magnetic variance
equals magnetic course
Scanner Course #4
Fuel
NAVIGATION LOG

Time
Fuel Req.
Taxi/TO
Climb
Notes:
Cruise
Approach
Alternate
Reserve
Total
Checkpoints
Honker
Flats
Norris
Navaids
Route
Ident.
and
Freq.
Course
(OBS)
ATIS Advisories
Wind
Altitude
Dir.
Vel.
Temp.
CAS
TC
MC
MH
TAS
Var
WCA
±Dev
(-E +W)
(-L +R)
84
-4
80
CH
Departure
Dist.
GS
Time
Leg
Est.
ETE
ETA
Rem.
Act.
ATE
ATA
Destination
ATIS Code
Ceiling &
Visibility
Wind
47
Altimeter
Approach
Runway
Airport Information
Departure
Destination
ATIS or
AWOS
ATIS or
AWOS
Ground
Approach
Tower
Tower
Depart.
Ground
FSS
FSS
CTAF
CTAF
UNICOM
Field
Elev.
UNICOM
Field
Elev.
Scanner Course #4
Dead reckoning:
The calculation, part 2
Magnetic course
minus left wind correction
or plus right wind correction
Equals magnetic heading
Distance divided by ground speed
Equals estimated time enroute (ETE)
Scanner Course #4
Additional information needed to compute
wind correction angle and ground speed

True Airspeed 115 Kts
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–

Determined from tables in the aircraft’s POH (pilot
operating handbook)
Depends on altitude and engine power setting
Wind 300 at 24 Kts
–
Determined from winds aloft forecast
Scanner Course #4
Wind Recap

Using a flight computer
we can find that:
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–
–
The wind is from 300,
behind us to our left
We will have a tail wind
(133 Kts ground speed
given 115 Kts air speed)
We will need to steer
left (7 degrees)
Scanner Course #4
Wind 300
Wind correction 7 degrees left
Ground speed 133 Kts
Scanner Course #4
Fuel
NAVIGATION LOG

Time
Fuel Req.
Taxi/TO
Climb
Notes:
Cruise
Approach
Alternate
Reserve
Total
Checkpoints
Honker
Flats
Norris
Navaids
Route
Ident.
and
Freq.
Course
(OBS)
ATIS Advisories
Wind
Altitude
Dir.
Vel.
Temp.
300
24
CAS
TC
MC
MH
TAS
Var
WCA
±Dev
(-E +W)
(-L +R)
84
115 -4
80
-7
73
CH
Departure
Dist.
GS
Leg
Est.
ETE
ETA
Rem.
Act.
ATE
ATA
133
:21
47
Time
Destination
ATIS Code
Ceiling &
Visibility
Wind
Altimeter
Approach
Runway
Airport Information
Departure
Destination
ATIS or
AWOS
ATIS or
AWOS
Ground
Approach
Tower
Tower
Depart.
Ground
FSS
FSS
CTAF
CTAF
UNICOM
Field
Elev.
UNICOM
Field
Elev.
Scanner Course #4
Dead reckoning:
The calculation, part 3
Magnetic heading
plus or minus magnetic deviation
Equals compass heading
Scanner Course #4
Dead reckoning:
magnetic deviation

Magnetic deviation is determined by looking at
the ‘compass card’ inside the aircraft
–

Magnetic deviation is the effect of compass error
due to metal and magnetic fields inside the aircraft
For our example, we’ll say that the deviation is
zero, so magnetic heading and compass
heading are the same
Scanner Course #4
Fuel
NAVIGATION LOG

Time
Fuel Req.
Taxi/TO
Climb
Notes:
Cruise
Approach
Alternate
Reserve
Total
Navaids
Checkpoints
Honker
Flats
Norris
ATIS Advisories
Route
Ident.
and
Freq.
Course
(OBS)
Wind
Altitude
Dir.
Vel.
Temp.
300
24
CAS
TC
MC
MH
TAS
Var
WCA
±Dev
(-E +W)
(-L +R)
84
115 -4
80
-7
CH
Dist.
GS
Leg
Est.
Rem.
73
0
47
Departure
Time
ETE
ETA
Act.
ATE
ATA
133
:21
Destination
ATIS Code
Ceiling &
Visibility
Wind
73
Altimeter
Approach
Runway
Airport Information
Departure
Destination
ATIS or
AWOS
ATIS or
AWOS
Ground
Approach
Tower
Tower
Depart.
Ground
FSS
FSS
CTAF
CTAF
UNICOM
Field
Elev.
UNICOM
Field
Elev.
Scanner Course #4
Dead Reckoning: recap




Primary navigation instruments are compass
(or directional gyro) and clock
Predictive, mathematical, in nature
Based, in part, on forecast information
Primary limitation:
–
Accuracy of forecast
Scanner Course #4
Checkpoints (Pilotage)
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Tick marks at 2, 4, 5, or 10 NM or other spacing can be
used to help keep track of position
– At 120 kts, 4 NM tick marks represent 2 minutes of
flight
Prominent features easily seen from the air (cites,
towns, lakes, and rivers) make the best checkpoints
Can be circled before the flight for easy reference
Takes practice
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Seasons make a difference, especially winter
Be careful using lakes – be sure of the shape and placement
next to other features
Difficult in sparse areas
Difficult at night
Scanner Course #4
Pilotage tricks

Tricks:
–
Look for trees
to find creeks,
rivers, and
towns
Scanner Course #4
What Checkpoints could be
used on this route?
Scanner Course #4
CAP Grid System
Scanner Course #4
CAP Grid System
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Overlays standard sectional maps
Subdivides the map into distinct working areas
Each grid is 1/4° of latitude by 1/4° of longitude
(15 minutes square) and is assigned a number
A grid is identified by a Sectional Chart name plus a
number
–


Example: Twin Cities Grid 444
(St. Cloud Area)
Grids are further divided into sub-grids labeled
A, B, C, and D
Each sectional has a standard for assigning
grid numbers — for areas of overlap the grid
number of the most westerly chart is used
Scanner Course #4
Sectional Grid System
46 o 00’ N
30’ x 30’
Aeronautical
Chart Divison
45 o 30’ N
94 o 00’ W
93 o 30’ W
Scanner Course #4
Sectional Grid System
46 o 00’ N
15’ x 15’
15’ x 15’
45 o 45’
15’ x 15’
15’ x 15’
45 o 30’ N
93 o 45’
94 o 00’ W
93 o 30’ W
Scanner Course #4
CAP Grid System


A grid can be divided into
quarter grids
7 ½ Minutes square in
size
Quarter-grids are labeled
A, B, C, and D
–

Example:
Twin Cities Grid 159A
(The Northwest quarter
of TC Grid 159)
Letters are used to
define sub-grids
159 ADB
159 A
102-15 W
102-00 W
36 15’ N
A
C
B
A
B
C
D
B
36-07.5’ N
102 11.25 W
D
C
36-00 N
102-07.5 W
102 15’ W
102-00 W
Scanner Course #4
Standardized Latitude/Longitude
Grid System



This system does not
require special
numbering
Lat-long of lower right
corner defines the
grid
Letters are used to
define sub-grids
36/102 AA 36/102 ADB
103-00 W
102-00 W
37-00 N
A
B
C
A B
B
C D
36-30 N
102-45 W
D
C
36-00 N
102-30 W
103-00 W
102-00 W
Scanner Course #4
Making Grid Charts
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You can use a new sectional — normally not
updated unless it gets worn out
Use a hi-lighter (not pink) to mark grid
boundaries on the chart using a long ruler
Mark grid identification in black ink for easy
visibility
You should always keep a current sectional
with you even if you have a sectional which is
marked with grids