Layers of the Earth

Identify surface features caused by destructive forces.
• Construct means to build up.
• Forces that build up features on the surface of the Earth.
– Sediment (Deltas, sand dunes, etc.)
– Volcanoes (makes Islands)
– Tectonic Plates (Mountains)
– Crust deformation (Folding or Faulting)

Sediment
• The process of sediment being carried causes new landforms.
– Wind – sand transported by the wind creates sand dunes.
– Water – bits of soil and rock can be carried downstream and deposited causing deltas.
– Ice – glaciers pick up and move rock and other materials, depositing it elsewhere.

Wind Deposition
Sand Dune Cumberland Island, GA

Water Deposition
Sediment is carried by river

Glacial Deposition

Volcano
• http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search
?Ntt=volcano+erupt
• United Streaming-Fire Down Below

Volcanoes
• A volcano is an opening in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface.
• Volcanic activity involving the extrusion of rock tends to form mountains or features like mountains over a period of time.
• Magma (inside)
• Lava (outside)

Volcanoes
• There are two main types of volcanoes: shield and composite .
• Shield volcanoes are usually found in the middle of tectonic plates. Islands like Hawaii are good examples of this type of volcano. These are making new islands every year…takes a long time. (Hawaiian Islands)
• There's a hole in the middle of the plate and magma moves out and piles on top of itself, slowly building a mountain of rock. (Katmai)

Volcanoes
1. Magma reservoir
2. Country rock
3. Conduit (pipe)
4. Base
5. Sill
6. Branch pipe
7. Layers of ash emitted by the volcano
8. Flank
9. Layers of lava emitted by the volcano
10. Throat
11. Parasitic cone
12. Lava flow
13. Vent
14. Crater
15. Ash cloud

HOT SPOT
• http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search
?Ntt=hotspot
• United Streaming-Hot Spot

Tectonic Plates
• Mountains can be formed because of moving tectonic plates.

Tectonic Plates

Faults
• Faults are cracks in the Earth’s crust.
• The surface of the Earth is made up of tectonic plates that are floating on magma (molten rock).
• It is along these fault lines that earthquakes and volcanoes occur.

Identify examples of surface features caused by destructive processes.
• Destruct means to destroy.
• Forces that destroy features on the Earth’s surface.
– Erosion (water - rivers and oceans, wind)
– Weathering (chemical or mechanical)
– Impact of organisms
– Earthquake

Earthquakes
• An earthquake is a phenomenon that results from the sudden release of stored energy in the Earth’s crust.
• It is caused by a strain on the fault lines of the Earth’s crust. When the energy of the strain is released, similar to a rubber band snapping, the earthquake occurs.
• At the Earth's surface, earthquakes cause a shaking or displacement of the ground and sometimes cause the ground to break apart and change shape. Earthquake Animation!

Earthquake

Weathering and Erosion
• Weathering is the breakdown of the continents and the land around you. The breaking down of these rocks and land due to forces such as wind and water is weathering.
When it rains, rocks are washed down a mountain or down a stream. Soils are washed away. The ocean beats against a cliff and breaks it apart. If it is moved elsewhere it is called erosion.

Mechanical Weathering
• Mechanical weathering is the process of breaking big rocks into little ones. This process usually happens near the surface of the planet. Temperature also affects the land. The cool nights and hot days always cause things to expand and contract.
That movement can cause rocks to crack and break apart. Roots and plants also push into the rocks and break them apart.
They act like wedges and push the rocks apart. Little animals also help by burrowing and digging through the ground.

Chemical Weathering
• Chemical weathering includes the effect of weathering on molecules and atoms. As with all chemistry, the greater the surface area of an object, the more chemical reactions can take place. For these chemical reactions to happen in nature, moisture, and heat must be present.

Biological Weathering
(Impact of Organisms)
• Biological weathering would include the effect of animals and plants on the landscape. This is more than roots digging in and wedging rocks. Biological weathering is the actual molecular breakdown of minerals.

Earthquakes
• More than buildings collapse when an earthquake hits. The land itself is totally changed. You can see scars across the landscape. Those scars appear when one block of land has moved compared to another.
Roads often change their placement. They either become uneven or just crack. Streams can also change course.
Sometimes rocks can fall and block the stream. Other times, the land is even lowered in certain areas. When it's lower, it's easier for the water to flow in the new direction .

Earthquakes
• San Andreas Fault line is 810 miles and runs along California. It separates the tectonic boundary of the Pacific and North
America boundary.

• Humans try to CONTROL these forces.
– seismological studies
– flood control (dams, levees, storm drain management, etc.)
– beach reclamation (Georgia coastal islands)

Seismic Waves
• Scientists study earthquakes so that they can understand how they work and so that they can try to predict future quakes.
• Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called
“seismographs”.
• A short wiggly line means a small earthquake and a large one means a large earthquake.

Seismic Waves
• These are waves of energy that travel through Earth’s layers studied by geologist.
• Primary (P waves) travel fast
• Secondary waves (S waves) travel through solids

Flood Control
Lake Allatoona was created in 1950 by the
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers for flood control. At more than
12,000 acres, Allatoona is one of the larger lakes in the state.
• The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began constructing dams in
Georgia for navigation and flood control in the
1940s and 1950s under the Flood Control Act of
1944 and the
Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention
Act of 1954.

Flood Control Methods
• Dams control the water flow in a stream or river.
• A levee is an embankment designed to prevent the flooding of a river.
• Storm drains are for carrying off rainfall drained from paved surfaces, roofs, etc.

Beach Reclamation
• Weather, waves and wind cause the coastline to wash away.
• Keeping sand dunes intact helps to keep the beaches from eroding.

Stone Mountain formed by plate tectonics

Emerson fault

Gorge

Providence Canyon, GA

Appalachian Mountains

Sand Mountain

Lime sinks-chemical dissolution of rocks

Pine Mountain
Chain Rock and KY first state park

Cumberland Falls
Only Falls with Moonbow

Beaches

Brasstown Bald highest natural point in GA

Brevard Fault Zone

Cumberland Plateau

Lookout Mountain last battle of Cherokees

Blue Ridge Mountains

Mississippi River largest drain in USA