Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings Module 6 Post occupancy evaluation and thermal comfort www.sara-project.net Plan Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 1. Post Occupancy Evaluation 2. Case of Study : SARA project 3. Questionnaire model POE - POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 “Technically, POE studies of buildings involve systematic collection and evaluation of information about the performance of a building in use. Data collected can include measured information such as energy consumption, temperatures, lighting levels, acoustic performance etc., and survey data from the perspective of the occupants regarding issues such as comfort, aesthetics, occupant satisfaction, management, etc ..” Gupta, R. (2006) Learning by doing: a post-occupancy building evaluation module for postgraduate architecture students POE & FSTC (1) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • The POE (Post Occupancy Evaluation) is concerned with the performance of the building (‘the building is often hot in summer’). • the FSTC (Field Studies of Thermal Comfort) is concerned with the occupant of the building (‘I feel hot now’). • The ‘function’ of the occupant in the POE is to provide a subjective measure of a building and act as its ‘memory’ POE & FSTC (2) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • The POE survey puts little emphasis on measuring the physical characteristics of the environment (temperature etc) at the time of the evaluation • In the thermal comfort survey the physical measurements are a key function because the aim is to predict the subjective from a knowledge of the physical. POE & FSTC (3) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • The FSTC is uses detailed experimental work done in laboratories and climate chambers to explain the physiological and physical and psychological processes which underlie thermal comfort • In the same way POE can be informed by the results of FSTC which explore the responses of building occupants POE & FSTC (4) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • There is a rich interface between the two types of survey and the ways in which they complement each other. • In particular the ways in which the information from comfort surveys might be of use to explore the subjective scales in a POE, both as regards their design and interpretation Thermal comfort Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • Thermal comfort is famously described by ASHRAE Standard 55 as that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. • A Psychological phenomenon not a physiological one (though with a base in physiology and physics) The lessons of comfort surveys (1) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • Field studies in buildings show that the subjective response is the driving force behind the behavioural reaction according the adaptive principal: ‘If a change occurs such as to produce discomfort, people react in ways which tend to restore their comfort’. The lessons of comfort surveys (2) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net • Comfort is not just a response to thermal conditions, but part of an interaction between occupants and buildings • Comfort is a goal to be sought from, not a product delivered by the building Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • The occupants may change themselves, or use controls to change the condition to achieve comfort Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings Comfort is achieved by the occupants adapting to the building www.sara-project.net Occupant Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 Building Or by the occupants adapting the building to suit them This has to be done within the climatic, social, economic and cultural context of the whole system Adaptive opportunity Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • Crucial, therefore, to the likely success of any building in being comfortable are the adaptive opportunities it provides. • Adaptive opportunities are those features of the building which allow the occupants to adapt themselves to the building or to adapt the environment in the building to their own requirements Personal Variables P e rs o n a l v a ria b le s Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net 1 .6 1 .4 1 .2 1 0 .8 0 .6 Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 0 .4 0 .2 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 In d o o r te m p e ra tu re Data from Pakistan Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 P ro p o rtio n o f su b jects co m fo rtab le The result of these actions is shown in this graph of the level of discomfort at different indoor temperatures among office workers in Pakistan 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Little discomfort 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 o M ean indoor tem perature C Source: Nicol, Raja, Allauddin & Jamy (1999) Energy and Buildings 30 38 Different controls are used in different circumstances Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net C h a n g e s in u se o f w in d o w s, lig h ts, fa n s a n d h e a te rs w ith in d o o r te m p e ra tu re 100% 80% W 60% L Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 F 40% H 20% 0% 0 5 10 15 20 25 In d o o r g lo b e te m p e e ra tu re (C ) 30 35 40 People adapt Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • Over time the temperature which people find comfortable is close to the mean temperature they have experienced. • In other words the conditions which occupants find comfortable are influenced their recent thermal experience. Results from field surveys Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 C o m fo rt te m p e ra tu re www.sara-project.net 35 30 E u ro p 25 P a k is t H um p 20 15 10 15 20 25 30 35 M e a n te m p e ra tu re e xp e rie n c e d Source: From Nicol & Humphreys Energy and Buildings 34 40 Thermal indices Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • Much of the work in thermal comfort (laboratory and field) has been aimed at perfecting an ‘index’ to describe comfort in terms of all the environmental and personal factors effecting comfort • PMV, ET*, SET etc Thermal indices Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • The problem with complex indices is not only how to collect the data, but also that the errors, both in the measurement of the variables and in the way they are ‘put together’, tend to be cumulative. • The more complex the index the more important the errors and the less the likelihood that the index will be useful as a predictive tool. Variability and forgiveness (1) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • When occupants describe conditions as ‘hot’, they often mean ‘hot as compared to what might be expected’ or ‘hot as compared to what I normally expect’. • This might imply the deviations from the ‘normal’ temperature would give rise to dissatisfaction and that variability leads to discomfort. Variability and forgiveness (2) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • But temperature change in buildings might be the result of occupant actions to achieve comfort as well as the result of factors beyond their control. • Variable temperatures (assumed to be a ‘bad thing’ in the steady-state heat balance models of thermal comfort) might actually be improving occupant comfort. Variability Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net • Change is natural, stasis is only possible in certain (generally non-sustainable) circumstances. • Thermal sensation relates to a running mean of temperature rather than its instantaneous. Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • The relationship is not an exact one but the principle seems robust over a number of studies. Running mean temperature The rate at which the comfort temperature changes is related to the running mean of the outdoor temperature (red line) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net O u td o o r te m p e ra tu re s in O x fo rd fo r J u n e /J u ly 1 9 9 6 25 Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 Tem perature 20 15 10 5 6 /1 /9 6 6 /1 1 /9 6 d a ily m e a n T o 6 /2 1 /9 6 T rm 3 3 7 /1 /9 6 T rm 8 0 7 /1 1 /9 6 T r0 .9 0 7 /2 1 /9 6 T rm 9 9 Wilson Building, Open University, UK Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 Passive refurbishment of first floor studio Third floor Passive studio 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% Sustainable 0% Architecture Applied 1 2 3 to Replicable Public Access Buildings August 1995 (weather very hot) 0% 4 5 6 1 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 How often is it too hot? 100% www.sara-project.net 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% September 1995 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 1 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 2 3 4 5 6 7 October 1995 0% 0% 1 2 Never 3 4 5 6 7 Often 1 2 Never 3 4 5 6 7 Often Source: POE research team at OBU O v e ra ll s a tis fa c tio n w ith th e re fu rb is h m e n t 60% Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% third floor Source: POE research team at OBU 6 5 4 3 2 s tudio unsatisfacto ry Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 very satisfac tory 0% OU Studio Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • Perception of building changes with the outdoor conditions • Overall satisfaction with passive Studio floor is better • (also satisfaction better near window than away from it) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings 2. Case of study : SARA Project www.sara-project.net Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings Description of the UK building of SARA Project In the UK the chosen project was of the new Administrative and Student Services Building (ASS), Southampton University. With 2500 m2 gross area this new department building, located on the existing campus site, comprises of a new 3 storeys high block linked to the old administrative block by an atrium. www.sara-project.net Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net State of project progress Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SUMMER 2006 SUMMER 2006 SUMMER 2006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SUMMER 2006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SUMMER 2006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SUMMER 2006 SUMMER 2006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SUMMER 2006 SUMMER 2006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SUMMER 2006 SUMMER 2006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SUMMER 2006 SUMMER WINTER 20062006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SUMMER 2006 SUMMER WINTER 20062006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SUMMER 2006 SUMMER WINTER 20062006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 WINTER 2006 WINTER 2006 Southampton University New office space temperature 2 Southampton University New office space temperature 3 Southampton University New office space temperature 4 Southampton University WS External Temp (53039) Sustainable 30 Architecture Applied 25 to Replicable Public Access Buildings 20 www.sara-project.net 15 10 5 3 1 /1 2 /1 0 3 0 /1 2 /1 0 2 9 /1 2 /1 0 2 8 /1 2 /1 0 2 7 /1 2 /1 0 2 6 /1 2 /1 0 2 5 /1 2 /1 0 2 4 /1 2 /1 0 2 3 /1 2 /1 0 2 2 /1 2 /1 0 2 1 /1 2 /1 0 2 1 /1 2 /1 0 2 0 /1 2 /1 0 1 9 /1 2 /1 0 1 8 /1 2 /1 0 1 7 /1 2 /1 0 1 6 /1 2 /1 0 1 5 /1 2 /1 0 1 4 /1 2 /1 0 1 3 /1 2 /1 0 1 2 /1 2 /1 0 -5 1 1 /1 2 /1 0 0 Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF NEW BUILDING WINTER 2006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SECOND, SECOND, THIRD THIRD AND AND FORTH FORTH FLOORS FLOORS OF OF NEW&OLD NEW&OLD BUILDING BUILDING WINTER 2006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF NEW&OLD BUILDING WINTER 2006 WINTER 2006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF NEW&OLD BUILDING WINTER 2006 WINTER 2006 WINTER 2006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF OLD BUILDING WINTER 2006 WINTER 2006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF OLD BUILDING WINTER 2006 WINTER 2006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF OLD BUILDING WINTER 2006 WINTER 2006 WINTER 2006 Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF OLD BUILDING Concluding remarks Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • Building performance: required fine tuning for design, fabric and services • Users performance: participation and information A demonstration project co-financed by the European Commission. (TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/503188) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Conclusions (1) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • Surveys, whether of buildings or of people, form part of a continuum. • The climate chamber thermal comfort study might sit at one end and the POE at the other. • The FSTC stands somewhere in between and must learn from and inform both. Conclusions (2) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • The FSTC is concerned with the physics and physiology of the climate chamber study but not constrained by the implied image of humans as animals with clothes. • At the same time because the context of the FSTC is almost always a building, the findings of field studies will often touch closely on the evaluation of buildings: Conclusions (3) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • Thermal comfort is a goal of building occupants and not simply a product of the building services, though the building services provide some of the means by which the goal is achieved. • Buildings and their occupants interact continually and the relationship between them is a dynamic one. Conclusions (4) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 • The use of building controls should be a concern for future energy research • In using occupants as part of the means to measure buildings, POE should understand the changing nature of the ‘comfort’ the occupants are being used to measure. • This has profound implications for the reproducibility of the POE survey results. Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings 3. Questionnaire model Used in the framework of the SARA project www.sara-project.net P r o je c t S A R A E u r o p e a n C o m m is s io n – F r a m e w o rk V I O x fo r d B r o o k e s U n iv e r s ity S u rv e y a t th e A S S B u ild in g , D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 5 U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th a m p to n T h is s u rv e y c o n c e rn s th e e n v iro n m e n t in y o u r o ffic e . A s y o u m ig h t k n o w P ro je c t Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net S A R A a im s to c o n s tru c t s u s ta in a b le , c o s t e ffe c tiv e , h ig h ly e n e rg y e ffic ie n t, p u b lic -a c c e s s e c o -b u ild in g s th a t a re im m e d ia te ly re p lic a b le a t la rg e s c a le in m a n y lo c a tio n s . T h e e c o -b u ild in g s w ill b e m o n ito re d a n d a s u rv e y o f u s e r s a tis fa c tio n w ill b e d o n e to a s s e s s th e ir p e rfo rm a n c e . A t p r e s e n t w e a re a s k in g y o u r h e lp in m o n ito rin g th e n e w a d d itio n to th e A S S B u ild in g . T h is q u e s tio n n a ire is c o n c e rn e d w ith th e te m p e ra tu re , lig h tin g , v e n tila tio n a n d o v e ra ll c o m fo rt in y o u r o ffic e . W e w o u ld b e g ra te fu l if y o u c o u ld a n s w e r a ll q u e s tio n s , b u t p le a s e d o n o t fe e l th a t y o u n e e d to ta k e to o m u c h tim e to th in k a b o u t y o u r a n s w e rs . T h e q u e s tio n n a ire s h o u ld ta k e le s s th a n 1 0 m in u te s . YOURS ANSW ERS W IL L BE TREATED IN THE S T R IC T E S T C O N F ID E N C E , N O IN D IV ID U A L R E S U L T S W IL L B E A V A IL A B L E T O A N Y O N E A N D N O O N E W IL L B E R E F E R R E D B Y N A M E IN T H E R E P O R T . Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 YOU W IL L BE G IV E N C O L L E C T IN G O N L Y . A NUMBER FOR PURPOSES OF DATA If y o u h a v e a n y q u e rie s a b o u t th is q u e s tio n n a ire , p le a s e e -m a il M a ria R ita (M a ita ) K e s s le r (m rb k e s s le r@ b ro o k e s .a c .u k ) o r c a ll h e r o n 0 7 7 4 7 8 6 5 3 6 5 . T H A N K Y O U F O R P A R T IC IP A T IN G IN T H IS S U R V E Y W IN T E R S U R V E Y D E S K N U M B E R … .. - (m a p o f th e flo o rs ) B a c k g ro u n d : a ) F o r h o w lo n g h a ve yo u b e e n in th is d e s k ? … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . b ) P le a s e te ll u s h o w m a n y p e o p le sh a re yo u r o f fice s p a c e :… … … … … … … .. c) Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net H o w d o yo u c o m e to w o rk : w a lk in g ( ) b u s ( ) b ic yc le ( ) c a r ( ) d ) D o yo u fe e l th a t yo u a re : b y a w in d o w ( ) e ) D o yo u fe e l a ffe c te d b y th e w in d o w ? Y e s ( f) a w a y fro m th e w in d o w ( ) No ( ) ) If “Y e s ” p le a s e sa y in w h a t w a y: ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… N B – In th e fo llo w in g q u e s tio n s p le a s e p u t a tic k in th e b o x , w h ic h b e s t e x p re s s e s , y o u r ju d g e m e n t. C o n tro l: H o w m u c h c o n tro l d o yo u fe e l th a t yo u h a v e o v e r th e fo llo w in g a s p e c ts o f y o u r e n v iro n m e n t? Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 T e m p e ra tu re N o n e a t a ll 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A lo t H e a tin g N o n e a t a ll 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A lo t C o o lin g N o n e a t a ll 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A lo t V e n tila tio n N o n e a t a ll 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A lo t N a tu ra l lig h t N o n e a t a ll 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A lo t L ig h tin g N o n e a t a ll 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A lo t N o is e N o n e a t a ll 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A lo t Environment: 3.1 How frequently in the last month or two has the temperature been: Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Too high Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Too low Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Changeable Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Cold in the morning Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often 3.2 How frequently have your found the air: Draughty Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Stuffy Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Smelly Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Dusty Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often 3.3 About natural light - How often have you had problems from the following: Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 Too little daylight Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Too much daylight Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Reflections on screen Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Discomfort from the sun Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often 3.3 About artificial light - How often have you had problems from the following: Too dark ambience Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Too dark to work Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Reflections on screen Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often No control over the lighting Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often 3.4 How much of a nuisance is the noise from: Sustainable Architecture Applied to Replicable Public Access Buildings www.sara-project.net Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31838/50 3118 Outside Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Atria Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Other people Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often Office equipment Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Often 4. Your ability to work: To what extent have the following affected your normal level of productivity in the last two weeks: Too hot in the morning No effect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Badly affected Too hot in the afternoon No effect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Badly affected Too cold in the morning No effect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Badly affected Too cold in the afternoon No effect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Badly affected Glare from window No effect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Badly affected We are very interested to hear any comments that you may have concerning the issues raised in this questionnaire. Please use this space (and the back of the form if necessary) to make any comments you wish. Thank you for your time.