Energy Management Opportunities
for
Commercial Customers
Your Presenters
– Welcome: Jim Grossman,
Business Customer Service
– Energy Efficiency Programs:
Chris Kanoff, programs manager
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 2
– Technologies: Mike Carter and
Mark Farrell, energy engineers
Energy Management Benefits
– Bottom line cost savings today!
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Energy
Maintenance
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 3
– Reduced noise levels
– Better indoor air quality
– Reduced air emissions
Energy Management Opportunities
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Restaurants
Lodging
Food Retailers
Machine & Auto
Body Shops
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HVAC
Lighting
Motors
Compressed
Air
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 4
– Energy Basics
– Energy Management
Energy Basics
– Demand versus Energy
Kilowatt (kW) is a measure of
demand—similar to the
speedometer of your car that
records the rate at which miles are
traveled
• A bigger engine is required to
travel at a faster rate
• Peak power demand is usually
measured as an average
over a 15-minute period
» Spikes and surges from
motor startup and other
short-term anomalies have
little influence on peak
demand
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Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a measure
of energy/consumption—similar to
the odometer on your car which
measures miles traveled
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 5
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Energy Basics
– Demand versus Energy
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Energy Cost = Energy Consumption x Unit Cost =
kWh x $/kWh
• A 113-Watt four-lamp light fixture costs about $66 annually when
operating 16 hr/day (113 W x 5,840 hr x $0.10/kWh ÷ 1,000 W/kW)
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Motor power (kW) = Horsepower (HP) x 0.746/efficiency
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Pay the price for improved energy efficiency!
• The operating cost over the lifetime of a motor or light fixture can far
exceed the original purchase price
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 6
• A 10 HP motor = 10 HP x 0.746/0.90 = 8.3 kW
• A 10 HP motor costs about $4,850 annually (8.3 kW x 5,840 hr x
$0.10/kWh) when operating 16 hr/day
Demand Reduction Ideas
– Lighting
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Turn off lights in unoccupied or day lighted rooms
Turn off display and decorative lighting
Reduce corridor lighting
Use occupancy sensors in low-traffic areas
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Allow space temperatures to rise as high as 78°F
Raise the chilled water temperature above normal settings during offseason periods
Ensure that ventilation grilles and fan coil units are not blocked by
books, flowers, debris, or other obstructions
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 7
– HVAC
Demand Reduction Ideas
– Office Equipment
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Activate ENERGY STAR® power-down features
Use SmartStrips to completely remove power from printers and
copiers
Restrict use of personal appliances such as coffee pots, refrigerators
and heaters
Turn off or unplug chilled-water drinking fountains
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Convert your roof to a reflective surface
Use slower charging battery chargers for forklifts
Shut off selected elevators and escalators
Consider variable speed motors for fans and pumps
Lower hot water setpoint from 140F to 120F
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 8
– Other
Corporate Energy Management
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Commitment by owners and
management
Clearly stated goals on energy
efficiency and waste reduction,
Delegation of responsibility and
accountability
Sustained tracking and
assessment of energy use and
technology application
Continuous investigation of
potential energy projects
Our Business Solutions Toolkit
offers free energy efficiency
posters for your business
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 9
– Key Components of
Energy Management
Corporate Energy Management
– Energy Information Systems

Measure and Evaluate
• Knowledge is power
» “If you can't measure it, you can't manage it!”
• Access to real-time energy consumption/demand and cost data
across multiple plants and facilities
Plan
• Benchmark
» Against yourself
» Against similar facilities
• Prioritize solutions

Implement
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 10
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HVAC
Energy
(kWh)
Demand
(kW)
Temperature setback
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Economizers
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Heat/energy recovery ventilators/wheels
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Chiller water temperature
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New HVAC equipment
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© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 11
Implementation
HVAC
– Temperature Setback/Setforward
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Save 3% per °F per 24 hr
72°F  68°F ( 4°F) for 12 hr saves 6%
– Obtain Proper Humidity Control
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In the Summer, decrease relative humidity (RH) to feel cool.
Operation at 78°F / 40% RH provides the same level of occupant
comfort as 74°F / 50% RH does.
• 74°F  78°F setforward for 24 hr saves 10% to 12%
• Remove moisture with desiccant or enthalpy/heat wheel
• Relative humidity >70% with temperature >70°F can encourage mold growth!
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In the Winter, opposite applies–raise RH to feel warm.
• Add moisture with evaporative humidifier
• Ultrasonic humidifiers require filtered water
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 12
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HVAC
– Narrow Your Chiller Water Temperature Set Points
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Typical conditions are chilled water temperature of 42°F and
condensing water temperature of 80°F to 85°F.
• 2% savings per °F that chilled water temperature is raised
• 5°F to 10°F increase is possible; more may cause damage and reduce
cooling capacity (ton rating)
Efficiency benefits from lowering condensing water temperature
are offset by increased fan and pump operation, along with reduced
cooling capacity.
• Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) and oversizing the cooling tower
can help
• The larger the system, the greater the net energy savings
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 13
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HVAC
– Upgrade older HVAC (10 to 15 years)
Chillers: 0.8 kW/ton  0.5 kW/ton (37% less!)
 Unitary rooftop: 1.5 kW/ton  1.2 kW/ton (20% less!)
Source: courtesy of McQuay International
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 14
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Implementation
Energy
(kWh)
Demand
(kW)
Replace T12 with T8 or T5
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Replace metal halide with T8 or T5HO
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Replace incandescent with CFL
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Replace incandescent with LED
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Use daylighting and occupancy sensors
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© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 15
Lighting
Lighting
– Lumens-- A measurement of the perceived power of light.
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60-watt incandescent ~ 850 lumens (100 CRI) ~ 14 lpw efficacy
32-watt T8 fluorescent ~ 2,800 lumens (83 CRI) ~ 88 lpw
400-watt metal halide ~ 24,000 lumens (65 CRI) ~ 60 lpw
400-watt high-pressure sodium ~ 45,000 lumens (22 CRI) ~ 112 lpw
– Color Rendering Index (CRI)-- A measurement of a light source's ability to
render colors the same as sunlight does.
CRI describes to what degree the light spectrum source is “filled out”
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 16
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65CRI
92CRI
Lighting
– Replace existing T12 fluorescent lamps with T8 fluorescent
lamps (up to 30% savings)
Lamp
Type
Fixture
Watts
Fixture
Lumens
LPW
F32T12
148
9,120
62
F32T8
113
10,600
94
– Also, T5 lamps are more efficient than T8s. The T5s are
smaller and shorter so are not interchangeable with T8s
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T5s have lower mercury content than T8s
T5 lumen maintenance is better at higher ambient temperatures but
worse in cold
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 17
Four-lamp T12 versus T8 Fixtures
Lighting
– Compact Fluorescent Lighting (CFL)

You get the same or more light output (lumens) with a 75%
energy reduction and over six times the rated life!

Energy savings far outweigh the difference in lamp price
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Use reflector flood CFLs in recessed-can lights
Issue of mercury content can be addressed
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Probe start MH with low lumen maintenance (<65%) is the best target for
replacement
 The lumen maintenance of metal halides can decrease to 45% during their
lifetime, whereas fluorescents maintain 90% to 95% in optimal conditions

Compare 320 W probe start MH with 20,000 EOL lumens and six F32T8 with 18,000
EOL lumens at 220 system watts
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Lumen output of fluorescents declines with heat/cold
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 18
– Metal Halide (MH) versus Fluorescent for Highbay
Lighting
– Occupancy Sensors
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Ultrasonic has wider range than infrared
but is prone to false positives
Can shorten life of fluorescents with
instant start ballast
$30 to $150 cost
2 year payback is normal
– Day Lighting
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Skylights/lightpipes, clerestory windows, and roof monitors
Energy savings can range from about $0.50/ft2 to $0.75/ft2, depending
on the building type, location, office area plan, and local cost of energy
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 19
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Motors
Energy
(kWh)
Replace motors
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Use variable speed drives
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Right size the motor
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Disconnect unused transformers
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Demand
(kW)
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© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 20
Implementation
Motors
– Repair or Replace Motors
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Replace motors <40 HP
Replace if cost of rewind is >65% of new motor
Replace motors last rewound before 1980
• See the Motor Calculator in the Business Solutions Toolkit
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Best for variable torque loads often found in variable flow
applications (pumps and fans) and greater than 2,000 hours
operation
Horsepower varies as the cube of speed/flow
Cut speed/flow by 50% and you cut energy consumption by nearly
90%! (0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.125)
Converts 60 Hz to 120-400 Hz in pulse width modulation
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 21
– Variable Speed Drives/Adjustable Speed Drives
Motors
– Soft-start (reduced voltage starter)
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Does not really save energy or reduce peak demand
Does keep lights from dimming and circuit breakers from popping open
– Right-size the Motor
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Motor efficiency plummets at
<40% rated load
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Good motor efficiency varies
from about 85% (1 HP) to
95% (>75 HP)
NEMA Premium Efficiency
motors are 1% to 3% basis
points more efficient than
baseline (EPACT 1992)
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 22
– Premium Efficiency Motors
Compressed Air
Energy
(kWh)
Only use when there is no other option
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Fix leaks
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Right size
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Use variable speed compressor motor drives
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Demand
(kW)
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© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 23
Implementation
Compressed Air
– Compressed Air energy cost for 6,000 hrs
@ $0.10/kWh = $125/CFM
At 4 CFM/HP, a 250 hp compressor costs about $125,000 annually
Typical Demand Components
Excessive
Pressure
5%
Wrong
application
20%
Leaks 25%
Normal Production 50%
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 24
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Compressed Air
– Only use compressed air when it is absolutely necessary!
– Examples of potentially inappropriate uses of compressed air:
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Open blowing
Sparging
Aspirating
Atomizing
Padding
Dilute-phase transport
Dense-phase transport
Vacuum generation
Personnel cooling
Open
hand-held blowguns or lances
Diaphragm pumps
Cabinet cooling
Vacuum venturis
– If possible, switch to motors, mechanical actuators, and other
means to accomplish the same function
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 25
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Compressed Air
– Leaks often account for 20-30% of compressor
output
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A 1/32" leak in a 90 psi compressed air system would cost
approximately $185 annually
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For every 1 pound per square inch (1 psi) increase in
discharge pressure, energy consumption will increase by
approximately 0.8% to 1% for a system in the 100 psig range with
30% to 50% unregulated usage*
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Reducing system pressure by 10 psi saves 8% to 10%
*Except for centrifugal compressors
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 26
– Produce only the pressure you really need
Compressed Air
– Compressors operate at highest efficiency at full load
or off
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Optimum controls results in big savings
For example, at 50% full-load flow, kW input varies from 51% to
83%

Below 85% loading, variable displacement units
become less efficient than variable speed, and are
very poor at loads below 50%
– Use ¾” diameter hose for >3 HP tools
or >50’ lengths
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 27
– Variable speed is best applied to compressors that operate
primarily as trim units, or as single units with loads below
75-80% demand
Business Specific Ideas
– Restaurants
– Lodging
– Machine Shops & Auto Body Shops
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 28
– Food Retailers
Restaurants
– Behavior
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Do not preheat cooking equipment until ready to use
Turn cooking equipment down during slow periods
Cold-rinse and stack dishes until a full dishwasher load is ready
– Systems
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Balance make-up air with vent hood exhaust air
• Implement variable-speed exhaust fans
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Control humidity
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Vinyl strips overlapped by at least 50% can reduce walk-in refrigerator
cold air loss by up to 95%
• Best if entrance/exit rate is less than 5-6 times per hour
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Consider economizer refrigerator cooling for refrigerators kept at 38°F or
higher
• Best for cold climates and may require HEPA filter
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 29
• 50% RH at 78°F = 70% RH at 74°F
Lodging Industry
– Hot Water Reduction Strategies (energy savings)
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Low flow showerheads ($30 to $60 per year)
120°F laundry temperature versus 140°F (20%)
Pool and hot tub covers (50%)
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 30
– Use door and motion sensors and
Smart HVAC Controller to
operate older Packaged Terminal
Air Conditioner (PTAC) units
Food Retailers
– Use condensation sensor to run anti-sweat
heaters only when they are needed
– Use permanent case doors or overnight case
covers to save up to 70% on refrigeration
– New vinyl strips overlapped by at least 50%
can reduce cold air loss by up to 95% in
walk-in freezers
Best when entrance/exit rate is no more than 5-6
times per hour to avoid ice buildup
– Replace fluorescent lighting with LED or
fiber optic lighting
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Decreases heat load
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Minimizes maintenance
Works well with nighttime occupancy sensors
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© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 31
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Food Retailers
– Use Air Doors/Curtains

A door 8 ft wide and 8 ft high with an indoor
temperature of 70°F, an outdoor temperature of 20°F,
and zero wind velocity, loses 200,000 Btu/h at a cost
of roughly $2.50 per hour
Any wind at all triples the loss!
 Air door recovers 75% of heat loss

2-3 year payback possible
($2,600 cap. + $100 op.)
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Exhaust fans (negative pressure) and wind tunnel
effect are problems
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 32
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Machine Shops & Auto Body Shops
– Insulate building envelope

Heat loss is walls 45%, roof 35%, and windows/doors 20%.

Probe start MH with low lumen maintenance (<65%)
is the best target for replacement

Compare 320 watt probe start MH with 20,000 EOL
lumens and six F32T8 with 18,000 EOL lumens
at 220 system watts
– Use Air Doors/Curtains

Air door recovers 75% of heat loss
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1-2 year payback possible
($3,500 capital + $100 operations)
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 33
– Metal Halide (MH) versus Fluorescent for Highbay
Machine Shops & Auto Body Shops
– Reduce compressed air losses
Replace bad applications with electric motors
 Reduce system pressure 10 psi
 Repair leaks
 Use variable speed compressor motor drives
– Use heat recovery ventilator to capture heat from
paint booth exhaust air in the winter
– Stagger use of high horsepower motors

Shift some machine use to off peak
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 34
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rockymountainpower.net/toolkit
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 35
Online Business Tools
Rocky Mountain Power FinAnswer Express
– FinAnswer Express is for commercial and industrial
customers– either retrofit or new construction
– Pre-calculated incentives for high-efficiency lighting,
premium efficiency motors and HVAC equipment

Custom incentives may be available for other types of equipment
– Incentive process (pre-purchase agreement or post purchase
application) varies by technology and project type
Please understand the process before you purchase!
– Check our Web site for on-line forms plus trade allies
available to help
– Also check for state and federal tax incentives at dsire.org
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 36
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Rocky Mountain Power Energy FinAnswer
– Applies to comprehensive commercial or industrial projects–
either new construction or commercial retrofit*

Lighting and non-lighting projects can be packaged
– Starts with an energy analysis to identify options and highest
priority measures

Commissioning is required for most measures
– Incentives are project-based
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$0.12/kWh of annual energy savings + $50/kW of average monthly
demand reduction (up to 50% of the eligible project cost)
Payable by one-time lump sum check, per project
– Incentive agreement must be signed before equipment is
purchased
– Check our Web site for participation steps and online forms
*Commercial retrofit projects must be at least 20,000 sq ft to be eligible
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 37
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Contacts
– For more information please phone us:

Call your Business Solutions Team for answers to service and
account questions at 1-866-870-3419
– Visit our Web site at:

Business program Web page –
rockymountainpower.net/business
Business Solutions Toolkit –
rockymountainpower.net/toolkit
– Or contact us directly:


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E-mail us at energy.expert@pacificorp.com
Use our online inquiry form – rockymountainpower.net/inquiry
Call our business Energy Services Hotline at 1-800-222-4335
© 2009 Tech Resources Inc.
© 2000 PACIFICORP | PAGE 38
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