CHINA
THREAT ASSESSMENT
INTRODUCTION
CHINA
TRN EVAL
AIM
TO ACQUAINT YOU WITH TRN
OBTAINING ON OUR NORTHERN
AND EASTERN BORDERS WITH
CHINA AND CARRY OUT A
BROAD TRN EVAL
PREVIEW
 PART
1
 PART 2
 PART 3
 PART 4
 PART 5
-
TIBET GEN
LADAKH
HP - UP BORDER
SIKKIM BORDER
ALP BORDER
SCOPE
PART 1: TIBET
GEN
 PLATEAU-
14,000 FT (3050 M)
TO 16,000 FT (4875M)
 AREA
1,221,700 SQ KM
 INTERNAL XINJIANG, QINGHAI
BORDERS
SICHUAN, YUNNAN
 EXTERNALINDIA,NEPAL
BORDERS
BHUTAN & M’MAR
TRN EVAL
 Contains
High Mtns.
 Large Areas Not Surveyed.
 Southern & Eastern Portions Have Maj
Population & Agricultural Areas.
 Undulating With Few Steep Rises &
Obst.
 Hard & Open, Suitable for Constr of
Rds & Airfds.
TRN EVAL
 East
of Tsang Po bend, mtnous &
unstable soil, prone to Landslides/
closure.
 Entry difficult but within Tibet, mov
easy.
 Gradual slope towards India, Nepal
RELIEF OF TIBET
 CHANGTHANG
 PO
REGION
REGION
 EASTERN TIBET
COMNS
WESTERN HIGHWAY
 Length
2480 kms.
 Kashgar to Lhasa via Aksai Chin,
Gartok.
 Cl 18 one way.
 Lhasa to Laze Cl 50.
 Closure period
60 days.
 Capacity 800 T daily.
CENTRAL HIGHWAY
 Cl
50 two way black top.
 Length 1965 kms.
 Xining to Lhasa via Gormo.
 Gormo- Lhasa
1127 kms.
 Closure pd 40 days.
 Capacity 2700 T daily.
EASTERN HIGHWAY
 Chengdu
- Lhasa via Chamdo, Pangta.
 Cl 18 one way.
 Kangting - Pangta two alignments.
– N Alignment via Chamdo - 2405 kms.
– S Alignment via Mankang - 2085 kms.
 Closure
period 90 days.
 Capacity 800 T daily.
EASTERN HIGHWAY
 Tibet
-Yunnan Highway from
Mangkang.
– 700kms.
– Cl 9.
 Induction
route from Chengdu MR
KARAKORAM HIGHWAY
 Length
1225 Km.
 Kashgar - Havelian via Khunjerab Pass
 Kashgar - Khunjerab (395 km) Cl 18
two way.
 Closure period
90 days.
 Khunjerab-Gilgit
Cl 40.
 Gilgit-Havelian
Cl 70.
RAIL
 Xinning
- Gormo.
 Capacity 1000 T/ 640 pers per train.
 Daily eight trains (Four each way).
 Now extended South 33 km.
OIL PPL
 Length
- Lhasa.
 Oil Depots
 Pumping stns
 Annual capacity
 Present capacity
 Annual reqmt
-
1220 kms.
-
3
12
5 Lakh T.
1.25 Lakh T.
6 Lakh T.
 Gormo
AIR FDS
 Eastern
& Central Sects.
– Hoping
– Kongka Dz
– Donshoon
– Nagchu ka
– Pangta
 Ladakh
Sect
– Khotan
TELE-COMNS
 Line
& Radio comn from Lhasa to all
Adm dists & Mil sub dists.
 Grnd Satl Earth stn at Lhasa on
INTELSAT netwk.
 Direct comn link via satl from Lhasa to
Beijing.
EMP OF ARMR
 Possible
only in Southern Ladakh and
North Sikkim.
EFFECTS OF HAA
 Tps
to be acclimatised, trained &
motivated
 Wpns & Eqpt - due care, calibration
 Lack of natural cover
 Considerable strain on lgs as area
devoid of natural resources
 Dply of arty has it own problems
PART 2 : LADAKH
TRN EVAL
 Sparsely
inhabited, barren & arid area.
 Himalayas & Karakorams run NW to
SE
 Steep & sharp crested, 15,000 to
25,000 ft.
 Separating the mtn massif are narrow
valleys & gorges upto 7000 ft deep.
TRN EVALUATION
 Least
rugged portion from NE Ladakh
Eastwards.
 Permits ltd X country mov for tr & wh
vehs in Southern Ladakh only.
 Open space only in Indus Valley.
TRN EVAL
 Climate
– Low temp throughout the region.
– Severe winters, temp upto (-) 79 deg C.
 Vegetation.
Barren & arid hence no
cover available.
 Population
– Sparsely inhabited.
– Imp places are Rudok, Churkang,
Tashigong.
TRN EVAL
 Rivers
– R Indus.
– Enters India at Demchock.
– 4 to 10 ft deep, fast flowing (2-5 kts)
– Flows West to Leh.
– Obst for inf & B veh (100- 300 ft wide)
– Frozen in winter, Xg by B veh w/o eqpt
is possible.
COMNS
 Western
highway passes through Aksai
Chin.
 Two laterals
– Lhasa to Gartok (Cl 18)
– Anto to Giamuk (Cl 9)
 Nine
feeder rds upto IB / LAC and can
be linked to own rds at Chushul &
Demchok.
EFFECTS OF TRN
 Favourable
period for launching ops
ltd from Apr to Nov.
 X country mov restd to ft travel in all
areas other than apchs from Spanggur
& Tashigong where dply of mech
forces is possible.
 Deployability upto two Divs.
PART 3 : HP - UP
BORDER
TRN EVAL
 GEN
 CLIMATE
 VEGETATION
 POPULATION
 RIVERS
 COMNS
CL 9 FEEDER RDS EX
WESTERN HIGHWAY
 Gartok
- Shipki (280 km)
 Gartok - Tholingmath - Poling - Sarang
( 172 km )
 Missar - Kunglung - Dapa - Tholingmath
- Poling - Sarang (310 km )
 Porkha - Silangtar (91 km )
 Porkha - Taklakot (95 km)
RD H TO BORDER
 SHIPKI
6 KM
 SARANG
15 KM
 TICHAMUR
19 KM
 POLING
12 KM
 JINDU
10 KM
 KUNGLUNG
59 KM
 SILANGTAR
14 KM
 PALA (TAKLAKOT) 8 KM
IMP PASSES
 SHIPKI
LA
 THAG LA
 MANA
 NITI
 KUNGRI BINGRI LA
 NUWE DHURA
 LIPU LEKH
13,300 FT
16,500 FT
18,394 FT
17,387 FT
18,250 FT
18,450 FT
16,800 FT
CHINESE CLAIM AREAS
 KAURIK
- SHIPKI
 PULAM SUMDA
 BARAHOTI
- 303 SQ KM
-1336 SQ KM
- 460 SQ KM
TRN : OWN SIDE
 HP
SECT
 UP
SECT
EFFECTS OF TRN
 Large
scale mil ops over prolonged
period difficult
 Campaigning season - Oct to Nov
 Ft and AT mov difficult
 Lgs sp problematic
PART 4
SIKKIM
TRN EVAL
GEN
N SIKKIM
 East
Nepal tri junc to Khungyame La
 Northern portion high alt plateau
IMP PASSES IN NORTH
SIKKIM
 NAKU
LA
 KONGRA LA
17,290 FT
16,840 FT
( OPEN PERENIALLY)
 CHOMDO
17,180 FT
 SE SE LA
17,920 FT
(OPEN PERENIALLY )
 KHUNGYAME LA
18,390 FT
IMP PASSES IN NE SIKKIM
 GORA LA
 PHIMKARU
LA
 TANGKAR LA
17,220 FT
16,160 FT
16, 060 FT
EAST SIKKIM
 Tangkar
La to Batang La on Bhutan
border
 IB runs along Chumbi valley
 Rugged and difficult trn
 Land slide prone
 Bad weather
 No vegetation astride IB
IMP PASSES IN EAST
SIKKIM
 Cho
La
 Nathu La
 Jelep
La
 Batang La
14534 ft
14042 ft (perenially
open)
14410 ft
-do14817 ft
-do-
CHUMBI VALLEY
 Moderate
alt
 Comfortable weather conditions
 Good forest cover
 Adequate water
 X countrry mov feasible
 Passes
– Agla La, Goche La, Kayarang La,
Thang La
EFFECTS OF TRN
 Mov
off the rd difficult except in plains
opposite North Sikkim & North
Chumbi valley
 North-South X country mov difficult
 Chumbi valley East -West X country
mov difficult
 Passes are key trn features
 Apch from Tibetan side easier
EFFECTS OF TRN
 Entry
into Chumbi valley restd to four
passes
 Devp of comns particularly to East
difficult and time consuming
 Rd blocked for 60 to 90 days
 High alt problems for men and mtrl
TRN : OWN SIDE
 Strat
imp of Siliguri corridor
– Chumbi valley to BD border
90 km
– Chumbi valley to plains
30 km
– Nepal to BD
22 km
– Comn and oil ppl from NE
RD COMNS
 Cl
70 NH TO GUWAHATI AND
FURTHER EAST
 NH SILIGURI - GANGTOK (CL 24
UPTO TEESTA, CL 9 TO GANGTOK)
 SILIGURI-KALIMPONG (CL 9 AW)
 GANGTOK- NATHU LA (CL 9AW )
 KALIMPONG - JELEP LA (CL 9 AW )
ALP : TRN EVAL
 Lofty
mtns and habitable valleys
 Moderate to severe climate
 Valley flats sp vegetation South and
SW of Namcha Barwa
 Tsang Po Valley runs West to East
 Passes over 13000 ft closed in winter
ALP : TRN EVAL
 Eastern
part has denser netwk of
streams and greater precipitation hence
prone to floods and landslides
 Rds run East to West
 Two maj axes
– Tsona DZ - Bumla in West
– Rima - Tatu in East
TRN POTENTIAL ALONG IB

TRI JUNC TO TULUNG LA
 TULUNG
 LONGJU
LA TO LONG JU
TO KANGRI KARPO LA
(KKL)
 KKL TO
EAST TRI JUNC
TRI JUNC - TULUNG LA
 Avenue
used in 1962
 Border along watershed (14000-18500 ft)
 Passes
– Khinzemane (7874 ft) - perennial
– Bum La (14694 ft)
– Tulung La (16995 ft)
TRI JUNC - TULUNG LA
ROUTES OF INGRESS
– TSONA DZ - LE - KHINZEMANE
– TSONA DZ - BUM LA (CL 9)
– SL MBI - TULUNG LA (FT TR)
TULUNG LA - LONGJU
 Sharp
ridge line with alt 18500-21000 ft
 Permt snow over 15000 ft
 Prone to avalanches
 Scrub type vegetation in lower valleys
 Tp mov along streams and ridge lines
possible
 Passes
– Asaphi La (9995 ft)
– Long ju (9597 ft)
perennial
perennial
LONG JU - KANGRI
KARPO LA (KKL)
 Difficult
trn due to escarpment and
permt snow
 Tsang Po enters India at Kepang La
 Valley slopes covered with mixed
jungles
 Xg over Tsang Po difficult
LONGJU TO KKL
 Numerous
 Imp
passes exist.
passes
– Lola (13,000 ft)
– Kepang La (4710 ft) perrenially open
– Shiyung La (6265 ft)
- do – Darjitdnya (9250 ft)
- do – KKL (12,790 ft)
KKL - TRI JUNC
 Alt
12000 - 16000 ft
 Permt snow above 14000 ft
 Upper half is rugged trn
 Rima - Walong axis is in lower half
 Thick forest cover in lower valleys
 Few high alt flats exist above 14000 ft
 Passes
– Guyor La (5610 ft)
COMNS
CHUSHUL DZ- TSE LA
(560 kmCl 9 ONE WAY)
EASTERN
HIGHWAY
RAU - TATU
(200 km Cl 9 ONE WAY )
COMNS
KAMENG SECTOR
 Tsethang
- Bum La ( 230 km Cl 9
one way )
 Tsona Dz - Le ( 26 km Cl 9 one way )
 Ft Tr to Tulung La from both sides
RDS IN KAMENG
 Tezpur
- Tenga - Tawang ( 341 km
Cl 9 AW)
 Missamari - Ft hills - Tenga (Cl 9 AW
in a state of disuse )
 Tawang - Lum La (Cl 9 AW )
 Tawang Bum La (Cl 9 FW, last 8 km
Cl 5 op tr)
COMNS OPPOSITE
SUBANSIRI SECTOR
 Tsethang
- Sanga Choling - Lung (Cl 9
one way , 10 km from Asaphi La )
 Slimbi
 Li
- Lung ( 137 km Cl 9 lateral )
lung - Lung
COMNS OPPOSITE
SIANG SECT
 Number
 Imp
of ft and AT tr to the IB
trs from Tsang Po to Shoka La
and Kempang La
COMNS OPPOSITE
LOHIT SECT
 Rd
Rima - Tatu
 Number
Dichu
of ft tr upto IB astride
RDS IN SUBANSIRI ,
SIANG AND LOHIT
 North
Lakhimpur - Ziro - Daporijo - Taliha
(239 km Cl 9 AW)
 Lekhabali - Bame - Along -Yinkiyong (256
km Cl 9 AW)
 Along - Kaying -Tato (Under constr)
 Bame - Daporijo (115 km Cl 9 lateral)
 Tezu - Walong (250 km Cl 9 AW )
CLIMATE
IMP DEDUCTIONS

Maj routes of ingress and
deployability in ALP
– Kinzemane - Div
– Bumla - Upto Two Div
– Tulung La - Upto Two Regts
– Long Ju - Regt
– Menchuka & Tuting - Regt Each
– Walong - Div
IMP DEDUCTIONS
Minor ingress routes - self contained
bn gps
 Campaigning Season - mid Aug to
mid Dec
 Inter valley mov difficult - pre loc res
 Own def plans must expl weaknesses
and lgs difficulties

CONCLUSION
IMP FACETS OF TRN
 SEVERE
EFF OF CLIMATE ON
MEN & MTRL
 PRESENT RD CAPACITY FOR
INDUCTION & MAINT
 LACK OF LGS INFRASTRUCTURE
IN TIBET
 CHINESE
PRIORITY OF BLDG COMN
NETWK TOWARDS THEIR CLAIM
LINES
 IMP OF PERENNIAL PASSES
 DEPLOYABILITY ALONG VALLEYS &
OTHER AVENUES OF INGRESS
 WIDE GEOGRAPHIC SEPARATION
BETWEEN WESTERN & EASTERN
THEATRE CAUSED BY THE NEPAL
BORDER