1 Improving a performers fitness levels requires training that adheres to the principles of training. The principles of training can be remembered using the acronym FITT for SPORT followed by some R&R These are known as; Specificity and individual differences and needs Progressive overload adaptatiOn Reversibility variaTion Followed by some Rest and Recovery Frequency Intensity Time Type It is advised that only one FITT principle is increased at a time. these are the FITT principles. Frequency; Frequency refers to the number of times exercise is undertaken each week. Intensity; How hard the exercise is. Time; Refers to how long each exercise session lasts. Type; Refers to the nature of the exercise that the performer completes. 3 Intensity refers to how hard you train. This should be linked to what you are trying to improve (specificity). There are a number of ways to measure intensity. Using heart rate;. By working out your safe maximum heart rate (220 – age) we can then work out a level of intensity for a workout. Intensity zone Aerobic zone, What it does • • • • Anaerobic zone • • • • Speed zone • • • • % of maximum heart rate Improves cardiovascular fitness. increases your heart and lung capacity. (stroke volume and tidal volume) Aiming for 20 to 60 minutes in this zone is believed to give the best fitness training benefits. You burn 50% of your calories from fat, 50% from carbs, < 1% from protein. 60-85% Increases lactate acid threshold, which leads to an improvement in performance speeds and power. This intense exercise will improve the amount of oxygen you can consume - your VO2 maximum. Between 10 to 20 minute range, or part of an interval training workout. The body burns 85% carbs, 15% fat and < 1% protein in this zone. 85-95% Increase your fast twitch muscle fibres and increases speed. Lactic acid develops quickly. Only for the very fit and for short periods of time. While you burn lots of calories per minute in this zone, 90% of them are carbs, 10% fats, and <1% protein. 95 – 100% 4 When we train with weights we can also use intensity to produce overload. Intensity when weight training is measured in the amount of weight we lift. This usually refers to the % of our one rep max (1RPM). To gain muscular strength you must lift HEAVIER weights and perform LESS repetitions. To improve muscular endurance and tone you must lift LIGHTER weights and perform LESS repetitions. If training for sports sometimes you will complete both types of training, can you think of times where the intensities may change? - The individual differences (age, experience, interests) - The fitness goals of the client - Any sports they may be training for (this would require concentrating on certain muscle groups / energy systems) - If they have any injuries Specificity, individual differences and needs means focusing training on activities relevant to an individuals sporting goal ad needs For example a road cyclist would need training that; • Works on aerobic endurance. • Develops the muscular endurance and strength of the leg muscles. • • • (quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus Maximus, gastrocnemius.) The majority of their training would take place on a bike. Some weight training on there arms may help but this should be a minor part of their training. Choose one of the following pictures and identify some key considerations when creating a fitness programme. 6 Progressive overload is about training at an appropriate intensity and gradually increasing the amount of stress we place on our bodies in order for fitness gains to occur. Training should gradually get harder as the weeks go by. This is because the body adapts to training demands. If you keep doing the same training programme for a long period of time, fitness levels will not improve and training benefits will plateau or decrease. As an instructor how could you plan progression in a training programme? What ways can we record progress? 7 By ensuring that you progressively overload your body during training you are encouraging it to adapt to the new stresses being placed upon it and it becomes stronger an faster than it was, as a result. Adaptation occurs in the recovery period after a training session Some of the adaptions are; • • • • The heart - increases in size (higher stroke volume), Resting pulse decreases Skeletal muscle - increase in size, , strength and muscular endurance. Joints - Increased flexibility Bones - become stronger 8 Use it or lose it Our bodies need to be placed under stress in order to improve. If our bodies are not challenged, any strength tone, or skill gains that have previously been made will be lost. Stop training and your fitness will decrease. Each week you have off training it will take around three weeks of training to get back to your previous fitness levels. Injury, motivation levels, competition, over training are some contributors that cause reversibility. It is really important to vary your training programme so that you don’t get bored and you continue to enjoy your exercise session. If we didn’t what would happen? Overtraining occurs when the intensity of the exercise exceeds the body’s ability to recover. A performer who has over trained will cease to make progress, and can even begin to lose strength and fitness. Overtraining is a common problem in weight training but runners and other athletes also experience it. It is important to remember that our bodies require time to rest and recover after exercise so there is time for the adaptation to tae place. Revision quiz. Choose and place the components of fitness into two columns, One column for Physical Fitness One column for Skill related fitness Physical Fitness Aerobic Endurance Muscular Endurance Body Composition Flexibility Speed Muscular strength Skill related Fitness Agility Balance Coordination Power Reaction time Revision quiz. In pairs choose the correct definition of AEROBIC ENDURANCE? A. the ability of the nervous system to work efficiently, supplying nutrients and oxygen to working muscles during sustained physical activity. B. the ability of the respiratory system to work efficiently, supplying nutrients and oxygen to working muscles during sustained physical activity. C. the ability of the cardiorespiratory system to work efficiently, supplying nutrients and oxygen to working muscles during when sprinting. D. the ability of the cardiorespiratory system to work efficiently, supplying nutrients and oxygen to working muscles during sustained physical activity. Answer; D Revision quiz. In pairs choose the correct answer; A. The cardiorespiratory system removes oxygen from the body and pumps CO2 to the muscles. B. The respiratory system pumps blood around the body. C. The cardiorespiratory system pumps blood to working muscles and removes CO2 and waste, and delivers O2. D. The cardiac system is a fast car. Answer;C A. Lungs B. Blood D. Heart E. Brain C. Blood vessels F. Airways G. Kidneys A. Which body parts form the respiratory system? Answer; A F. A. Lungs C. Blood vessels B. Blood D. Heart E. Brain F. Airways G. Kidneys A. Which body parts form the cardiovascular system? Answer; B. D. C. A. Lungs C. Blood vessels B. Blood D. Heart E. Brain G. Kidneys A. Which body parts form the cardiorespiratory system? Answer; A, B, C, D, F F. Airways Revision quiz. Which is the correct definition of MUSCULAR ENDURANCE? A. the ability of the muscular system to work efficiently, where a muscle can continue contracting over a period of time against a light to moderate fixed resistance load. B. the ability of the brain to work efficiently, allowing a muscle to continue twitching while we are asleep. C. the ability of the muscular system to work efficiently, where a muscle can continue contracting against a heavy fixed resistance load. D. the ability of the cardiorespiratory system to work efficiently, supplying nutrients and oxygen to working muscles during sustained physical activity. Answer; A Revision quiz. Which is type of fitness is more important when completing the bleep test and the forestry step test? A. Muscular endurance. B. Agility. C. Aerobic endurance. D. Flexibility E. Balance Answer; C Revision quiz. Which is type of fitness is more important when completing the sit up or press up test? A. Muscular endurance. B. Agility. C. Aerobic endurance. D. Flexibility E. Stamina F. Balance Answer; A. Revision quiz. In pairs choose which is not a method of training for aerobic endurance? A. Continuous training. B. Fartlek training. C. Weights training. D. Interval training. Answer; C Revision quiz. In pairs choose match the method of training with the correct definition? A. Continuous training. B. Fartlek training. C. Interval training. Answer; Running at a variable pace, fast then slower, 1. 2. Running a steady pace for at least 20 minutes. Aiming for 60% intensity. Running for between 1-5 minutes then having a recovery period 3. A-2, B-1, C-3 Revision quiz. Match the skill related component of fitness with the correct definition. A. Agility 1. the time taken for a sports performer to respond to a stimulus and the initiation of their response. B. Power C. Coordination D. Reaction time E. Balance F. Answer 2. the ability to maintain centre of mass over a base of support. 3. the smooth flow of movement needed to perform a motor task efficiently and accurately. 4. the product of strength and speed 5. the ability of a sports performer to quickly and precisely move or change direction without losing balance or time. A-5,B-4,C-3,D-1, E-2 Revision quiz. Match the skill related component of fitness with the correct definition. A. Aerobic Endurance 1. distance divided by the time taken.. B. Muscular Endurance 2. the ability of the cardiorespiratory system to work efficiently, supplying nutrients and oxygen to working muscles during sustained physical activity.. C. Flexibility 3. the maximum force (in kg or N) that can be generated by a muscle or muscle group.. D. Speed 4. the ability of the muscular system to work efficiently, E. Muscular Strength 5. the relative ratio of fat mass to fat-free mass (vital organs, muscle, bone) in the body.. F. Body Composition 6. having an adequate range of motion in all joints of the body. A-2, B-4, C-6, D-1, E-4 F-5 Revision quiz. Select the correct answer Maximum heart rate is: a. 200-age, b. Age – 220, Answer, C c. 220-age. D. 205 A heart rate of 110 is the equivalent to what on the Borg RPE Answer, 11 Borg RPE stands for ? Answer, Borg rating of perceived exertion. Revision quiz. Match the training zone with the correct %’s A.Aerobic training B.Anaerobic Training 1. 60% - 85% 2. 80%- 90% 3. 60%- 80% C.Speed training 4. 90%-100% 5. 85% - 95% 6. 95%- 100% Answer; A- 1, b-5, c-6 Warming up Pulse raising – This aims to gradually raise the heart rate and warm up the largest muscle groups to the working rate. More oxygen is also made available to the working muscles, which will improve performance. Activities often include jogging, sidestepping and skipping. Stretching – This aims to lengthen the specific muscles used in the main activity, helping to prevent injury. Most of this should be active stretching, which involves stretching the joints while moving. Joint mobilization – This aims to move the joints onto positions appropriate to the main activity, again helping to prevent injury. Activities often include rotation exercises, such as shoulder rotation, when the joint is moved carefully through its full range of movement. Cool Down Pulse lowering – This is a gentle activity that aims to gradually return the pulse rate to its resting rate. Typical activities include gentle jogging or cycling. Static stretching – This aims to remove any lactic acid build-up in the working muscles to prevent stiffness or soreness after exercise. Developmental stretching – Developmental stretches encourage the muscles to lengthen, increasing their flexibility. They can be static stretches or Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretches and should be held for at least 30 seconds. This is to see how fit you are (measure a component of fitness) Name of test Component of fitness it tests Units of measurement Vertical jump test Anaerobic power Kgm/s Forestry Step Test Aerobic endurance Ml/kg/min Multistage fitness test Aerobic endurance Ml/kg/min Jackson-Pollock Skinfold test Body Composition Body fat % Body Mass Index (BMI) Body composition Kg/m2 Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA) Body composition Body fat % Illinois Agility Test Agility Seconds Sit and Reach Flexibility Cm One minute press up test Muscular endurance Repetitions (reps) One minute sit up test Muscular endurance Repetitions (reps) 35m sprint test Speed m/s Hand grip dynamometer test Muscular strength KgW Component of fitness Method of training to improve Continuous training (steady training) Aerobic Endurance 60-85% MHR Fartlek training (speed play where the pace/intensity will change over the distance completed) Circuit training Interval (high period of work followed by a defined period of rest) Speed Training 95-100% MHR Hollow sprints (a period of work is broken up by a hollow period of lower level work) Acceleration sprints (Jogging – striding- sprinting) Interval training (intervals shorter and performed at higher intensities as close to maximum as possible.) Strength Muscular endurance Elastic strength (power) Free weights (dumbbells, barbells) Muscular endurance 50-60% 1rpm – 1-6 reps Elastic strength (power) 75% 1rpm – 12 reps Maximal muscular strength 90% - 1-6 reps Plyometric training (muscle lengthens followed instantly by the muscle shortening) Circuit training (arranged in order to avoid fatigue) Hollow sprints: a series of sprints separated by a ‘hollow’ period of jogging or walking. Acceleration sprints. This is where the pace is gradually increased from a standing or rolling start to jogging, then to striding, and then to a maximum sprint. Different drills can be used, such as resistance drills and hill sprints. Rest intervals of jogging or walking are used in between each repetition. Interval training the individual performs a work period followed by a rest or recovery period. For speed training, the work intervals will be shorter and more intense – performed at a high intensity, close to maximum. Increase the number of rest periods and increase work intensity to develop speed. Free weights • • • use of barbells or dumb-bells to perform different types of dynamic exercises concepts to use when training for strength (low reps and high loads) concepts to use when training for endurance (high reps and low loads) order of exercises: • • focus on core exercises (working muscles which help to stabilise the spine and pelvis) before assistance exercises (working muscles associated with the events in a performer’s specific sport, or the main exercises in a training programme if a performer is not training for a specific sport) perform exercises which alternate between upper and lower body, alternate push and pull exercises) Considerations before doing free weight training • • • • Safe lifting of free weights, making sure you use the correct weight and not one that’s too heavy as this could lead to an injury. Make sure that the correct movement/technique is carried out to make sure that the correct muscles are being worked in the correct way. Athlete must make sure they do a correct warm up and cool down to physically and mentally prepare for exercise to prevent injury and gain maximum benefit from the exercise and minimise muscle soreness the day after FITT principles should be applied to ensure that the exercises are effective in achieve their goal. Intensity (% 1 Repetition Maximum – 1RM) • Training for strength endurance 50–60% 1RM and 20 reps – repetitive movements of a muscle or muscle group) • Training for elastic strength 75% 1RM and 12 reps for producing movements in very close succession, like in gymnastics) • Training for maximum strength 90% 1RM and 6 reps producing a single movement against a resistance/load), reps, sets, rest period. http://www1.edexcel.org.uk/ss/Sport1/start.html Now we know how to measure % exercise intensity we can use the training pyramid to calculate how hard you have to train and how long each session should be. Each section represents a different zone. The higher in the zone / pyramid the harder you have to work. The wider the zone the longer you have to train in that zone. This is a 15 point scale going from 6 to 20. There is a relationship between the Borg RPE and heart rage RPE X 10 = Heart rate. Someone whose working heart rate is 150 BPM is at what level of the RPE? What heart rate would you expect from someone who was at level 17, working at a very hard intensity? These two terms must be considered before a test is conducted. The two questions you must ask yourself are: 1. Does this test actually test what I say it tests? 2. If this test were to be repeated, would I get the same results? Validity; The test measures what it is supposed to measure. Reliability; Does the test give the same result when repeated. Before we fitness test what do we need to do? 1.Check equipment is safe and working properly. Making sure machines are calibrated produce correct results. E.g are weighing scales zeroed 2.Informed consent, This means a participant is told what they are doing before the test and agrees take part. This includes completing a medical questionnaire and that you understand what to do for the test, how to stop the test and what the test is measuring. 3. Choosing the correct fitness test, Which component of fitness are we looking at? How practical is the test (practicality), do we have the necessary equipment and time? 4. To carry out the test, we need to know; •The method of the test, The test protocol. •How to use the equipment. •How to accurately measure and record results •How to compare results against normative published data, peers data and own previously collected data •How to analyse results and draw conclusions about strengths and weaknesses. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2I7kpxMkbaM Nat is 17 years old, his height is 1.74m and his weight is 82kg Calculate his BMI Show your working Round to 2 decimal places Using this calculation use the normative data to interpret his results Nat’s result suggests he is overweight What are the units of measurement for BMI? Ml/kg/min kg/m22 kgm/s kgW underweight <18.49 healthy range 18.5-24.9 overweight 25-29.9 obese >30 ENDURANCE TESTS The Bleep test (AKA, Multistage Fitness Test, 20 meter shuttle run test, VO2 Max test.) Objective The objective of this test is to monitor the development of a participants aerobic endurance. Required Resources Multistage fitness test CD and CD player. Cones, flat area 15-20 meters (there is a 15 m version) How it works Participants need to run continuously between the two lines, between the bleeps, The time between each bleep decreases as we move up the levels. One foot must be over the line on the bleep, you need to wait for the bleep before starting the next shuttle. If you do not make it to the line you have two more attempts to catch up before being stopped. definition of VO2 max (ml/kg/min): the maximum amount of oxygen uptake, usually measured in ml of oxygen per kg of body mass per minute. It is a measure of cardiorespiratory endurance. Advantages • Simple to set up and conduct • More than one athlete can conduct the test at the same time • Can be conducted indoors or outdoors • The timing of runs is provided by the instructions on the test recording • Easy to work out the score • Easy to record • A running test, most events will contain an element of running. Disadvantages • Specialist equipment required - CD & CD Player • Assistant required to administer the test • Maximal test – if motivation is low test will not be completed correctly Things to think about • Dependant on athletes following correct Pre-test procedures. • Correct protocol must be followed • Consider whether the test will mimic the sport being played. ENDURANCE TESTS Forestry step test Objective The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's cardiovascular system. Required Resources a gym bench (40cm males, 33 cm females.) Metronome Heart rate monitor. How it works • Participants step at a rate of 22.5 steps per minute (45 beeps per minute on metronome). Alternating the stepping leg (left then right). Continue without stopping for 5 minutes. • After 5 mins sit down and take pulse (15 second count) Use body weight to calculate Maximum Oxygen consumption (workbook) TEST FOR POWER Vertical jump test. Objective To measure a participants anaerobic power. Required Resources A wall, Measuring tape, weighting scales, partner. How it works • Chalk the end of your finger tips and stand side on to the wall, keeping both feet flat on the ground, reach up as high as possible with one hand and mark the wall with the tips of the fingers. • From a standing position jump as high as possible and mark the wall with the chalk on your finger tips. Measure the distance between the two marks. Attempt the test three times and then plot this on line D on the Lewis nomogram (next page). • Weigh yourself in kilograms and plot this on the Wt line on the Lewis nomogram. Using a sharp pencil join the points on the D and Wt lines, where your line crosses the P line is your power in Kgm/s Advantages • Minimal equipment required • Simple to set up and conduct • The test can be administered by the athlete • Can be conducted almost anywhere Disadvantages • Specific facilities required • Assistant required to administer the test • Technique plays a big part in a achieving a good score because the performer must mark the wall at the top of the jump • Hard to determine the exact measurement. Test of flexibility, Sit and reach test Objective The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's lower back and hamstring flexibility. Required Resources To undertake this test you will require a 'sit & reach table' or a bench with a ruler. How it works The Sit and Reach Test is conducted as follows: The starting position is sitting on the floor with shoes removed, feet flat against the table, and legs straight. Reach forward and push the fingers along the table as far as possible. The score is recorded as the distance before (negative) or beyond (positive) the toes. Average 16-19 year olds Males 7-10 cm Females 7-11cm The following results have been measured for athletes. Expected level Male Footballer Male Gymnast Regional 7-10Cm 10-12 Cm National 9-13 Cm 13-17 Cm International / Professional >15 CM >18 Cm Davis, B et al. Physical education and the study of sport, Mosby Publishing, 2000 TEST FOR BODY COMPOSITION Body Mass Index (BMI) Objective To measure a participants body composition relative to ideal weight. This is a useful test as it account of both height and weight. This is designed for people over the age of 18 and only gives an indication for younger people. Required Resources Weighing Scales (Kg), measuring tape, calculator, partner. How it works • Measure your weight in Kilograms. • Measure your height in meters, (152 cm is 1.52 meters) • Calculate BMI •BMI = Weight height (m) X height (m) BMI = Weight / height2 Use tables from the NHS to compare yourself against national data. underweight <18.49 healthy range 18.5-24.9 overweight 25-29.9 obese >30 Administration processes of the BIA Advantages of the BIA It is easy and quick to use so can be easily administered. It is non invasive so that the person being tested does not have to remove any clothing other than shoes and socks so it is less embarrassing than the skinfold test. Unlike other forms of body composition assessment such as the skin fold test which can be embarrassing for the client. It is related to a person’s age and gender unlike BMI. Disadvantages of the BIA The equipment is quite expensive so people may not be able to afford it in order to administer the test. Reliability and validity depends upon the correct protocol being followed, which can be difficult to oversee: o Client inputs own data incorrectly o Client doesn’t follow pre test procedures with regard to alcohol consumption and physical activity o Calibration of equipment. • • • • The individual also has to ensure that they are hydrated and have not drunk alcohol 48 hours prior to the test or taken part in high intensity exercise 12 hours prior to the test. A person with a pacemaker or a pregnant woman should not be tested using this equipment. It is not as accurate at the skin fold measurements. The scores are influenced by how well hydrated a person is. If a person is dehydrated, their body fat is overestimated. TEST FOR BODY COMPOSITION http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ctx5pG9Zlec http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvC2TDs95xY Jackson-Pollock namogram method for prediction of percent body fat. Objective To estimate percentage of total body fat by taking a measure of the layer of fat beneath the surface of the skin. Required Resources Skinfold callipers, Partner How it works • Measurements are taken on dry skin on the right side of the body, the subject should stay relaxed. • Mark each site with a pen. (se diagrams on the next page) The test is carried out in the following way. 1. At the site where the test is being taken, pull a fold of skin away from the muscles underneath. 2. Apply the callipers and measure the thickness in mm. Add the results for your three measurements together. Using a sharp pencil plot your measurements and age on the namogram, draw a straight line between the two and read your percent body fat result according to your gender. Use the table below to compare yourself to the general population. TEST FOR BODY COMPOSITION Jackson-Pollock namogram method for prediction of percent body fat. Objective To estimate percentage of total body fat by taking a measure of the layer of fat beneath the surface of the skin. Required Resources Skinfold callipers, Partner How it works • Measurements are taken on dry skin on the right side of the body, the subject should stay relaxed. • Mark each site with a pen. (se diagrams on the next page) The test is carried out in the following way. 1. At the site where the test is being taken, pull a fold of skin away from the muscles underneath. 2. Apply the callipers and measure the thickness in mm. Add the results for your three measurements together. Using a sharp pencil plot your measurements and age on the namogram, draw a straight line between the two and read your percent body fat result according to your gender. Use the table below to compare yourself to the general population. Advantages •Minimal equipment required •Simple to set up and conduct •Can be conducted almost anywhere Disadvantages •Specialist equipment required - Skinfold callipers •Assistant required to administer the test Validity •The test is not a good predictor of percentage body fat, however it can be used to indicate changes in body composition over time. • Administration processes of the skinfold test • Advantages of the skinfold test • It is a valid test as it provides a good estimation of the body fat of a person and is one of the most valid tests for estimating body fat percentage. • The equipment is not very expensive and is therefore readily available. • The test does not require the person being tested to carry out any pre-test procedures unlike the BIA method. • The test can be performed on most people as there is no contra indications to the administration of this test • Disadvantages of the skinfold test • The person being tested has to remove or adjust their clothing and have parts of their body ‘pinched’ by the tester which can be embarrassing. • The skinfold test must be consistently taken at the same places in order to get reliable results, this relies on the skill of Males per cent body fat (1629 years) Females per cent body fat (16-29 years) <7 <13 Slim 7-12 13-20 Ideal 13-17 23-25 Overweight 18-28 26-32 29+ 33+ Very low fat Obese TEST FOR MUSCULAR ENDURANCE One-minute press up test Objective To measure a participants muscular endurance. Required Resources stopwatch and a partner How it works • Get into a press up position, hands slightly wider than shoulder width apart, arms straight, body straight and both feet on the floor. • On the go command lower body until elbows are at 90 degrees, extend the elbows to return to the start position. Resting is only allowed at the start position, • Count how many full press ups you can do TEST FOR MUSCULAR ENDURANCE Objective To measure a participants muscular endurance. Required Resources stopwatch and a partner How it works • Lie of the floor with your knees at right angles and your feet flat on the floor. Rest your hands on your thighs. • Complete a sit-up, reaching up until your hands slide up to the top of your thighs. Return to the starting position. • Your partner counts how many complete sit ups you can do in 1 minute. Reps per minute One-minute sit-up test • One minute tests could be unsafe for beginners who have low fitness levels. • Because it is a high intensity test that can push the participants to their maximum effort / intensity if they were to perform it correctly. • The one minute tests require good technique in order to achieve maximum performance. • The test is not suitable as it can result in injury or fatigue f it is not performed properly. Maximal Tests Maximal means the athlete works at maximum effort or tested to exhaustion. Examples of maximal anaerobic tests are the 30 metre acceleration test and the Wingate Anaerobic 30 cycle test. Examples of maximal aerobic tests are the Multistage Fitness Test or Bleep test and the Cooper VO2 max test Disadvantages of maximal tests are: •difficulty in ensuring the subject is exerting maximum effort •possible dangers of over exertion and injury •dependent on the athlete's level of arousal What factors may influence test results? The following factors may have an impact on the results of a test (test reliability): •The ambient temperature, noise level and humidity •The amount of sleep the athlete had prior to testing •The athlete's emotional state •Medication the athlete may be taking •The time of day •The athlete's caffeine intake •The time since the athlete's last meal •The test environment - surface (track, grass, road, gym) •The athlete's prior test knowledge/experience •Accuracy of measurements (times, distances etc.) •Is the athlete actually applying maximum effort in maximal tests •Inappropriate warm up •People present •The personality, knowledge and skill of the tester •Athlete's clothing/shoes •Surface on which the test is conducted •Environmental conditions - wind, rain, etc How can we make tests more reliable and valid? • Use competent and well trained testers • Equipment should be standardised and calibrated regularly • Each test should measure only one factor • Care should be taken to make sure the athlete understands exactly what is required of them • The test procedure should be standardised in terms of administration, organisation and environmental conditions • The test should be designed so that it can easily be repeated by another trained tester • The test should be fully documented so that it can be administered in exactly the same way the next time it is conducted Required Resources To undertake this test you will require: • Flat non-slip surface • 8 cones • Stopwatch • Assistant Protocol The athlete warms up for 10 minutes Sets up the course as detailed in the diagram Advantages Lie face downand on easy the floor at the “Start” cone • It’s cheap to conduct The assistant gives the command “GO” and starts the stopwatch. Disadvantages The athleteerror jumps tolead his/her feet and completes the course around the cones • Human can to inaccuracies in timing following the red line route shown in the diagram to the finish • Weather conditions and the surface can affect results. The assistant stops the stopwatch and records the time when the athlete passes the “Finish” cone Normative data for the Illinois Agility Run Test The following are national norms for 16 to 19 year olds (Davis et al. 2000)[1]: Gender Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor Analysis Analysis of the test result is by comparing it with the athlete's previous results for this test. It is expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would indicate an improvement in the athlete's agility and speed. Target Group This test is suitable for team sports but not for individuals where the test would be contraindicated. Reliability Test reliability refers to the degree to which a test is consistent and stable in measuring what it is intended to measure. Reliability will depend upon how strict the test is conducted and the individual's level of motivation to perform the test. Validity Test validity refers to the degree to which the test actually measures what it claims to measure and the extent to which inferences, conclusions, and decisions made on the basis of test scores are appropriate and meaningful. This test provides a means to monitor the effect of training on the athlete's physical development. Advantages Minimal equipment required Simple to set up and conduct The test can be administered by the athlete Can be conducted almost anywhere Disadvantages Assistant required to administer the test SPEED TESTS 35 meter sprint Objective To measure a participants sprint fatigue Required Resources A flat 35 m surface in a straight line How it works • Sprint 35m from a standing start. • Allow 30 seconds recovery while walking back to start. • Repeat the test 5 times (6 sprints in total) • Record the results in seconds. There are two ways to analyse the results of this test. Fatigue test, if your last time is within 0.8 seconds of your first your results in excellent. Take your best time and use the table below to evaluate your results. Normative Data The following table provides ratings for the 35m sprint test (Arkinstall et al. 2010)[1] Rating Excellent Good Average Fair Poor Male < 4.80 4.80 - 5.09 5.10 - 5.29 5.30 - 5.60 > 5.60 Female < 5.30 5.30 - 5.59 5.60 - 5.89 5.90 - 6.20 > 6.20 Analysis Analysis of the test result is by comparing it with the athlete's previous results for this test. It is expected that, with appropriate training between each test, the analysis would indicate an improvement in the athlete's sprint acceleration. Target Group This test is suitable for active athletes but not for individuals where the test would be contraindicated. Reliability Test reliability refers to the degree to which a test is consistent and stable in measuring what it is intended to measure. Reliability will depend upon how strict the test is conducted and the individual's level of motivation to perform the test Validity Test validity refers to the degree to which the test actually measures what it claims to measure and the extent to which inferences, conclusions, and decisions made on the basis of test scores are appropriate and meaningful. This test provides a means to monitor the effect of training on the athlete's physical development. Advantages Minimal equipment required Simple to set up and conduct Can be conducted almost anywhere Disadvantages Specific facilities required - non slip surface Assistant required to administer the test – human error in timing could lead to incorrect or misleading results Triceps Thigh Award 1 mark for a description and 1 mark for an appropriate extension, up to a maximum of 4 marks. Safe lifting of free weights/making sure you use the right weight (1) to ensure that the activity does not cause injury (1). Make sure that the correct body position/movement is carried out (1) to ensure the activity trains the correct muscles in the correct way (1). Athlete must warm up and cool down to prepare mentally and physically for exercise (1) to prevent injury/gain maximum benefit from the exercise/ minimise muscle soreness the day after (1). FITT principles should be applied (1) to ensure that the exercises are effective in achieving their goal (1). Flexibility Body Composition The ability to move your joints through their full range of movements smoothly. This is the measure of how much of the body is made up of fat free (muscle) mass, of vital organs and fat 1 minute press up/ sit up test Used to test muscular endurance. Measurement units of repetitions Forestry step test Submaximal test that measure aerobic endurance, measurement units ml/kg/min. Multistage fitness test Maximal test used to test aerobic endurance, measurement units in ml/kg/min static active stretching, which is performed independently where the performer applies internal force to stretch and lengthen the muscle. Static passive stretching, also known as assisted stretching, which requires the help of another person or an object such as a wall. The other person/object applies external force causing the muscle to stretch. Ballistic / dynamic this is where the performer makes fast, jerky movements through the complete range of motion, usually in the form of bobbing or bouncing. Stretching is specific to the movement pattern of the sport/activity to be performed. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretch the muscle to the upper limit of its range of movement, with the help of a partner, hold the muscle in an isometric contraction, for 6–10 seconds. Then relax the muscle and with the help of a partner a static (passive) stretch is performed to enable the muscle to stretch even further. Speed Vertical jump test Used to measure anaerobic power, unit of measurement kgm/s Muscular Endurance Illinois agility run test Used to test agility and speed. Unit of measurements seconds. Aerobic Endurance Jackson Pollock Skin fold test Used to test body fat percentage, using three sites of the body that are different for each gender. Measurement units body fat % Muscular strength This is how long it takes for an individual or an object to travel a certain distance, and the faster something moves, the greater its speed the ability of the muscular system to work efficiently, where a muscle can continue contracting over a period of time against a light to moderate fixed resistance load. This is the measure of how efficiently you are able to keep your muscles supplied with nutrients and oxygen while you are exercising. The amount if force that can be generated by a muscle when it is contracting. Hand grip dyno meter test Used to test strength, units of measurement kg Acceleration sprints Where the pace is gradually increased from a standing or rolling start to jogging – striding – maximal sprint. Very good for team players to develop sport specific speed 60-85% Threshold to improve aerobic endurance. Interval training A period of high intensity work followed by a defined period of rest. 85-95% Threshold to improve anaerobic endurance Fartlek training The intensity of training is varied by running at different sped or over different terrain. The training is continuous with no rest period. 95-100% Threshold to improve speed Continuous training Training at a steady pace at a moderate intensity for a minimum of 30 minutes Circuit training Different stations are used to develop aerobic endurance, strength, muscular endurance and power. The station order of exercises is important to ensure different muscle groups are used to avoid fatigue. 50-60% 20 reps Intensity used to develop muscular endurance 75% 1rpm – 12 reps Intensity used to develop elastic strength (power) Plyometric training This type of training develops sport specific explosive power and strength. Exercises need maximal force as the muscle lengthens (eccentric) before maximum force as the muscle shortens (concentric) 90% 1-6 reps Intensity used to develop maximal stretch Progressive overload In order to progress training needs to be demanding enough to cause the body to adapt, improving performance Hollow sprints A series of sprints separated by a hollow period of jogging or walking (reduced intensity before increasing to a sprint again) Specificity Training should be specific to the individuals sport, activity and the components used within that sport. Individual differences The programme should be designed to meet individual training foals and needs Adaptation How the body reacts to training loads by increasing its ability to adapt with those loads reversibility If training stops, or the intensity of training is not sufficient to cause adaptation training effects are reversed. variation It is important to vary the training regime to avoid boredom and maintain enjoyment Vo2 max Rest and recovery This is required so that the body can recover from the training and to allow adaptation to occur Normative data Data from a reference population that establishes a baseline distribution for a score or measurement, and against which the score or measurement can be compared. Data is typically obtained from a large, randomly selected representative sample from the wider population Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) Used to predict body composition (body fat %) electrodes are placed on the right hand and right foot. Not suitable for people with pacemakers or pregnant women. Body Mass Index Used to test body composition , using weight (kg) and height (m2). measured in kg/m2 the amount of oxygen the heart, lungs, and muscles can effectively use oxygen during exercise, used as a way of measuring a person's individual aerobic capacity.