Chapter 20
 Christopher
Columbus: 1492, Italian who
sailed for Spain, official discovery of the new
world
 Colony: A land controlled by another nation
 Hernando Cortez: Spanish conquistador who
took over Aztecs; ruthless
 Conquistador: Spanish adventure seeker in
the New World; driven by Gold, Glory and
God
 Francisco Pizarro: Spanish conquistador who
took over Incas
 Mestizo: A
person of mixed Spanish/Native
American blood
 Encomienda: Spanish land grant in the New
World. Natives are to work on it (Plantations)
 Atlantic Slave Trade: Buying and selling of
Africans
 Triangular Trade: Europe, Africa and America
trade routes
 Middle Passage: Africa to Americas voyage for
slaves
 Columbian
Exchange: Global transfer of
plants, animals, diseases and ideas (cultural
diffusion) from the Old World to the New
World
 Capitalism: Economic system based on
private ownership and on investment of
money in business ventures in order to make a
profit
 Joint-Stock Company: A business in which
investors pool their wealth for a common
purpose, then share the profits (less risk)
 Mercantilism: Nations
that increase their
wealth/power by obtaining large
amounts of gold and silver and selling
more good than they bought
(Gold/Silver/FB of Trade)
 Favorable
Balance of Trade: A country
that sells more “goods” than it buys
Chapter 20:1
 Columbus’s Voyage
Paves the Way
• First Encounters
 Landed in the Bahamas in
10/1492
 Returned to the Caribbean 3
more times, claiming islands
for Spain and setting up
colonies
 Other
Explorers Take to the Seas
• Pedro Cabral: Claimed Brazil for the Portuguese
(1500)
• Amerigo Vespucci: Explored South America, had the
continent named after him (1507)
• Vasco Balboa: First European to see the Pacific Ocean
(1515)
• Magellan: His crew first to sail around the world (15191522) 18 out of 230 men survived

Cortez Conquers the
Aztecs
• Landed in Mexico in 1519
with 600 men, marched into
Tenochtitlan
• Spanish used superior
weaponry, Indian allies, and
disease to conquer the
Aztecs by 1521

Pizarro Subdues the Inca
• Marched 200 men into Peru,
used treachery to capture
and kill Incan king
• Captured Incan capital
without a fight

Spain’s Pattern of Conquest
• Spanish settlers known as penninsulares ruled the
conquered territory
• Encomienda System: Spanish settlers owned land,
forced natives to work as slaves farming or mining
 Opposition
to Spanish Rule
• Catholic priests wanted better treatment for natives
• Led to importation of African slaves
• Natives used work slow-downs and violent rebellions
to resist the Spanish, mostly unsuccessful
1.
What process did Columbus and his
followers begin?
2.
Why were most of the Spanish explorers
drawn to the Americas?
3.
Which country was the richest and most
powerful in the 16th century and why?
Chapter 20:2
 European
Countries and Their Claims
 Spain
• Claimed and colonized lands from the Southern US
(including Florida and American Southwest)
• Also colonized Central and South America and
many Caribbean islands including Puerto Rico and
Cuba
ENGLAND


Jamestown Settlement
Claimed and colonized North
America from present day
Maine south to Georgia
NETHERLANDS

Aruba/Antilles in the
Caribbean




Also claimed some Caribbean
islands such as Barbados and
Jamaica
Pilgrims/Puritans
Claimed New York City
New Netherlands
 France
• Claimed Haiti in the
Caribbean, as well as
present day Canada
and the Ohio and
Mississippi River
Valleys in North
America
• New France

Portugal
• Claimed Brazil

Reasons for Colonization: $$$ and Power!!!
• Prestige of the Mother Country
• Market for finished goods
• Used the colonies for cash crop and raw material
production

Europeans go to War
• England takes New York from the Dutch
• England takes Ohio River and Canada from France in
the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War)
 English drive the French away from the East coast
 French
and Dutch had a strong relationship with
N.A. (Nice)
• Wanted to Trade
• Make $$$ not War!!
 English
(Mean)
battled the N.A. over religion/land
• Wanted to own Land
• Violence/Fighting
 King
Philips War (Metacom) attacks villagers in
Massachusetts
• Colonist win (Bloody)
 New
Diseases
 Biggest reason for
European conquest of
the New World
 Labor loss in all the
colonies
 Need for new labor!!!
 Small
Pox
• 24,000-750
MEASLES
CHICKEN POX
 Cholera
White Pudding?
1.
What was the basic difference between
French and English attitudes about the land
they acquired in North America?
2.
What was the main result of the French and
Indian War?
3.
What were some of the results for Native
Americans of European colonization of North
America?
Chapter 20:3
 The
Evolution of
African Slavery
 Slavery
in Africa
• Between 650 and 1600
4.8 million Africans had
been deported by
Muslims
• Long standing practice
• Slaves could gain
freedom
 The
Desire for Africans
• Europeans needed labor force to replace Native
Americans dying of disease
• Lead by Portuguese
• Chose Africans for three reasons:
 1.) Had built up immunity to disease
 2.) Had experience in farming
 3.) Was more difficult for them to escape (unfamiliar)
 Atlantic
Slave Trade
• 9.5 million Africans imported
 Spain
and Portugal were the first to import
Africans
 Over 3.6 million imported to Brazil
 English
• Transported 1.7 million slaves to Americas between 1690-
1807
• Only 400,000 sent to U.S. (Population Increased due to
births)
• 2 million by 1830
 African Cooperation and Resistance
 African rulers shipped slaves inland to Europeans ports on the
coast
 Traded slaves for guns
 Sold prisoners of war/rival tribe members
 The Triangular Trade
 Flow of goods, raw materials, and people between Europe,
Africa, and the New World (ex. slaves, tobacco, and guns)
 See class reading sheet
 The
Middle Passage
 This leg of the triangle trade brought Africans to the
Americas
 Africans were packed aboard ships and made the journey in
terrible conditions
EUROPE






Beads
Cloth
Hardware
Rum
Salt
weapons
AMERICAS
•Molasses
•Rum
•Cotton
•Tobacco
•Flower
•Lumber
•Furs
•Natural Resources
AFRICA
Slaves
 Gold
 Ivory

 Slavery
in the Americas
• Slavery became a lifelong condition
 children of slaves automatically became slaves
• Slaves resisted through work slow downs and open
rebellion, few were successful
 Fear of Revolts lead to “harsher” punishments
 Consequences
of the Atlantic Slave Trade
• Broke apart many families in Africa
 Mixing of African Cultures
• Brought African culture to the New World
• Their labor allowed the colonies to survive and prosper
 Song/Dance/Religion stayed alive in the slave quarters
1.
What effect did the spread of Islam have on
slave trade?
1.
How did enslaved Africans resist their
bondage?
1.
Explain the significance of Triangular
Trade.
1.
How did African slaves contribute to the
development of the Americas?
Chapter 20:4
AMERICAS TO EUROPE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Tobacco
Pumpkin
Squash
Avocado
Turkey
Peppers
Pineapple
Cocoa bean
Peanut
Potato
Beans
Tomato
Corn
Vanilla
EUROPE, AFRICA, ASIA TO
AMERICAS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Onion
Olives
Citrus fruits
Coffee beans
Peach/pears
Sugar cane
Honeybee
Grains (wheat, rice, barley,
oats)
Livestock (Cattle, sheet, pig,
horse)
Disease (Smallpox, Cholera,
Typhus Measles, Diphtheria)
 New
Economic Systems rise with Global
Trade
• Triangle Trade (see previous notes)
 Mercantilism
 Belief that a country’s power is dependent on its wealth
 Goal was for a country to accumulate as much money as
possible, especially in the form of bullion (precious metals
like gold)
 Accomplished
in two ways
 1. Gather raw gold and silver from colonies
 2. Export more goods than you import (favorable balance of trade)
 Capitalism
• Based on private
(individual, NOT gov’t
• Ownership and the
investment of resources
with the goal of making a
profit!!
• Caused merchants to
grow in power – wealth
becomes measured by
money and not by land
• Nobles decrease in power
Recognize any of these companies??
 Joint-Stock
Companies
• People combine their wealth to form a company too
expensive for an individual to form
• Common people can become part owner by investing,
or buying shares in a company (stock)
 Economic
Revolution Changes European
Society
• Growth of merchant class
• Age of exploration/colonization increased the wealth
of European countries
1.
What are some of the food items that traveled
from the Americas to the rest of the world?
2.
What are some of the lasting effects of the
Columbian Exchange?