Cycle
By me
Ryan Rice

Three states of water matter
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
To change state, heat must be
• Absorbed, or
• Released
Heat energy
• Measured in calories – one calorie is the heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
Latent heat
Stored or hidden heat
Not derived from temperature change
Important in atmospheric processes

Processes
• Evaporation
Liquid is changed to gas
• Condensation
Water vapor (gas) is changed to a liquid
•Melting
Solid is changed to a liquid
•Freezing
Liquid is changed to a solid
• Sublimation
Solid is changed directly to a gas
• Deposition
Water vapor (gas) changed to a solid (e.g., frost in a freezer compartment)

• Classification based on
• High clouds – above
6,000 meters
cirrostratus,
• cirrocumulus
6,000 meters
altostratus and altocumulus
• Low clouds – below
2,000 meters
Types include stratus,

 The most common form of highlevel clouds are thin and often wispy.
 Typically found at heights greater than 20,000 feet (6,000 meters),
 Cirrus clouds are composed of ice crystals that originate from the freezing of super cooled water droplets.
 Generally occur in fair weather and point in the direction of air movement at their elevation.

 The Cotton Balls in the Sky
Low clouds – below 2,000 meters
 can form low as 300 ft
 Types include stratus, stratocumulus, and nimbostratus (nimbus means “rainy”)
 Cumulus clouds are formed as a result of the process of convection, wherein warm air rises in the atmosphere and eventually cools down.

Clouds of vertical development
From low to high altitudes are
Called Cumulonimbus
Often/ most of the time, produce rain showers and thunderstorms

Stratus – sheets or layers that cover much of the sky
Middle clouds – 2,000 to 6,000 meters
At dusk, colors are gray or blue-gray, composed of ice crystals and water droplets

Adiabatic temperature changes occur when
Air is compressed
 Motion of air molecules increases
 Air will warm
 Descending air is compressed due to increasing air pressure
Air expands
 Air will cool
 Rising air will expand due to decreasing air pressure

• Adiabatic rates
Dry adiabatic rate
• Unsaturated air
• Rising air expands and cools at 1˚C per 100 meters
(5.5˚F per 1,000 feet)
• Descending air is compressed and warms at 1˚C per
100 meters
Wet adiabatic rate
• Commences at condensation level
• Air has reached the dew point
• Condensation is occurring and latent heat is being liberated
• Heat released by the condensing water reduces the rate of cooling
• Rate varies from 0.5˚C to 0.9˚C per 100 meters

Wet rate is less.
Wet rate is less…
Latent heat is released when Water vapor condenses

Very important for weather: lifted air cools adiabatically and condenses to form clouds. Lifting is generally required to produce precipitation.
 Orographic lifting
• Elevated terrains act as barriers
• Result can be a rain shadow desert
 Frontal wedging
• Cool air acts as a barrier to warm air
• Fronts are part of the storm systems called middle-latitude cyclones
 Convergence
Where the air is flowing together and rising (low pressure)
 Localized convective lifting
• Localized convective lifting occurs where unequal surface heating causes pockets of air to rise because of their buoyancy

Boundary that separates air masses of different densities
• Air masses retain their identities
• Warmer, less dense air forced aloft
• Cooler, denser air acts as wedge

• Warm front
Warm air replaces cooler air
Small slope (1:200)
Clouds become lower as the front nears
Slow rate of advance
Light-to-moderate precipitation

• Cold front
Cold air replaces warm air
Twice as steep (1:100) as warm fronts
Advances faster than a warm front
Associated weather is more violent than a warm front
• Intensity of precipitation is greater
• Duration of precipitation is shorter

Fog: fog is like clouds in that both are formed by condensation of water vapor from the air. Unlike clouds, fog commonly forms by radioactive cooling rather than by adiabatic cooling (cooling accompanying lifting)
 Types of fog
• Fogs caused by cooling
Advection fog – warm, moist air moves over a cool surface: e.g. the
California marine layer: warm most air moves over the cold California current; the cooling leads to condensation and fog formation.
Radiation fog
• Earth’s surface cools rapidly
• Forms during cool, clear, calm nights San Joaquin Valley tulle fog!!
Upslope fog
• Humid air moves up a slope
• Adiabatic cooling occurs (like cloud formation)

 Contrails or vapor trails are condensation trails and artificial cirrus clouds made by the exhaust of aircraft engines or wingtip vortices which precipitate a stream of tiny ice crystals in moist, frigid upper air.
 However, contrails generated by engine exhaust are inevitably linked with typical fuel combustion pollutants.
Contrails might also be considered visual pollution.

September 11, 2001 climate impact study.
 It had been hypothesized that in regions such as the United States with heavy air traffic, contrails affected the weather, reducing solar heating during the day and radiation of heat during the night by increasing the Albedo.
 Measurements did show that without contrails the local diurnal temperature range was about 1 degree Celsius higher than immediately before;

History Channel Documentary Validates
Chemtrails and Weather Warfare http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVjI-
0uA9L8&feature=related

Ahh finally…the CONCLUSION
The Earth’s climate has many drivers that influence its behavior. The most abundant one on the earth’s surface is
Water. Water moves around the earth in many different processes, any where from
Evaporation and Condensation to freezing and melting. All of these processes either release or absorb heat. When this heat is released, very intense storm systems.
Clouds are formed when millions and millions of ice crystals come together.

Work Cited
Warming and the Future of Humanity”. 2008. Book Surge p\Publishing,
USA
 Crystal Link/ Contrails/ Chemtrails. http://www.crystalinks.com/chemtrails.html
 Hayden c. Howard. “ A Primer on CO2 and Climate second edition”.
2008. Vales Lake Publishing
 Weather Forecasting Cloud Chart. http://web2.airmail.net/danb1/clouds.htm
 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc. Earth Science 12 th edition; Tarbuck and
Lutgens
 Windows to the Universe. “ Global Warming, Clouds and Albedo”. http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/warming_clouds_albe do_feedback.html
 “The Scale of the Universe” Stumble Upon. http://www.stumbleupon.com/su/1FrxcM/www.newgrounds.com/porta l/view/525347