PRO FORMA FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
PRO FORMA FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Projected or “future” financial statements.

The idea is to write down a sequence of financial
statements that represent expectations of what the
results of actions and policies will be on the future
financial status of the firm.
Pro forma income statements, balance sheets,
and the resulting statements of cash flow are the
building blocks of financial planning.
 They are also vital for any valuation exercises
one might do in investment analysis or M&A
planning. Remember, it’s future cash flow that
determines value.
 Financial modeling skills such as these are also
one of the most important skills (for those of you
interested in finance or marketing) to develop.

GENERIC FORMS: INCOME
STATEMENT
Sales (or revenue)
Less Cost of Goods Sold
Equals Gross Income (or Gross Earnings)
Less Operating Expenses (SG&A, Depreciation,
Marketing, R&D, etc.)
Equals Operating Income
Less Non-Operating Expenses (interest expense,
“other” non-operating expenses or income)
Equals EBT
Less Taxes
Equals Net Income (EAT, Profits)
GENERIC FORMS: BALANCE SHEET

Assets





Cash
Accounts Receivable
Inventory
Prepaid Taxes
Marketable Securities

Liabilities + O’s Equity





Total Current Assets
Gross PP&E
 Accumulated
Depreciation
 Net PP&E
 Land



Total Assets
Bank Loan
Accounts Payable
Wages Payable
Taxes Payable
Current Portion – L-T
Debt

Total Current Liabilities
Long-Term Debt
 Preferred Stock
 Common Stock
 Retained Earnings


Total Liabilities + Equity
GENERIC FORMS: BRIDGE
 Clearly
we can’t hope to get anywhere if we
develop separate forecasts of the different
statements.
 The income statement records the effect of a
given year while the balance sheets show the
situation at the beginning of and after that
year.
 Furthermore the balance sheet must balance.
 The two statements must therefore be
intimately linked. There must be a “bridge”
between them.
GENERIC FORMS: BRIDGE
 One important bridge is:
Net Income – Dividends = Change in Retained Earnings
An income statement amount less dividends equals a
balance sheet amount.
 Another is:
Interest Expense = Interest Rate  Interest Bearing Debt
An income statement amount equals a balance sheet
amount times a cost figure.
 These
simple relations, plus requiring the
balance sheet to balance, tie the income
statement directly to the balance sheet
and vice versa.
BRIDGE
Income Statement
Sales (or revenue)
Less COGS
Equals Gross Income
Less Operating Exp
Less Depr
Equals EBIT
Less Interest Exp
Equals EBT
Less Taxes
Equals Net Inc (EAT)
Less Dividends
Change in Retained E
Balance Sheet
Assets
Cash
Accts Rec
Inventory
Prepaid Taxes
Total Current Assets
Gross PP&E
Accumulated Depr.
Net PP&E
Land
Total Assets
Liabilities + Owner’s E
Bank Loan
Accts Pay
Wages Pay
Taxes Pay
Total Current Liab
L-T Debt
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
Total Liab + OE
THE FORECASTING PROCESS
The most common way to proceed is to fill in the
income statement first. The standard approach is
called “percent of sales forecasting.”
 Why?: You first get the sales (or sales growth)
forecast.
 Then, you project variables having a stable relation
to sales using forecasted sales and the estimated
relations.
 Then there is the rest.

THE PROCESS…
 COGS
will generally vary directly with
sales. If not, it is likely that something
has gone (or is going) very wrong.
Calculate the COGS/Sales ratio for the last
few years. Multiply a forecast for this ratio
times the forecast for sales to find a forecast
for COGS.
 How do we forecast the COGS/Sales ratio?

 Note
that there may also be a fixed
component for some of these relations.
How do you adjust?

Operating expenses is a good example.
THE PROCESS…
 We
then require estimates of the
components of expenses that don’t vary
directly (and in a stable way) with sales to
complete the income statement.
Other Expenses
 Other Income
 Depreciation
 Taxes
 Net Income
 Dividends

THE PROCESS…
 From
the completed income statement,
determine the change in retained
earnings, transfer it to the balance sheet.
 Now we have to fill out the rest of the
balance sheet.


Many of the current assets and liabilities
(accounts receivable, accounts payable,
inventory, wages payable, etc.) can be expected
to vary directly with sales.
Forecast these as we just described.
THE PROCESS…
 The
cash balance is usually determined by
a policy decision via some inventory (of
liquidity) model.

Alternatively this account may be used as a
“plug.”
 Changes
in Gross PP&E are also the
result of policy decisions as are changes in
preferred or common stock.
 Often short-term (bank loan or line of
credit) or long-term debt is used as a
residual to determine the required new
financing (a plug to make it balance).

But don’t forget that these can’t be chosen in
isolation.
THE PROCESS…
 Interest
expense comes from the amount
of interest bearing debt.
 Interest expense effects net income,
 Which effects changes in retained
earnings,
 Which, through the equality requirement
for the balance sheet, effects the amount
of interest bearing debt that is necessary.
 The two statements are intimately
connected.
A CIRCULARITY RATHER THAN A
BRIDGE
Sales (or revenue)
Less COGS
Equals Gross Income
Less Operating Exp
Less Depr
Equals EBIT
Less Interest Exp
Equals EBT
Less Taxes
Equals Net Inc (EAT)
Less Dividends
Changes in Retained E
Assets
Cash
Accts Rec
Inventory
Total Current Assets
Gross PP&E
Accumulated Depr.
Net PP&E
Land
Total Assets
Liabilities + Owner’s E
Bank Loan
Accts Pay
Wages Pay
Taxes Pay
Total Current Liab
L-T Debt
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
Total Liab + OE
INTERACTIONS…

The income statement “equation” can be written:
[Rev – Operating Exp – Depr&Amort
- (Int Bearing Debt)(Int Rate)](1- Tax Rate)
- Dividends = Change in retained earnings




The balance sheet “equation” is written:
Total Assets = Accts Pay + Wages Pay + Taxes Pay
+ Int Bearing Debt + Common Stock + Change in retained
earnings
Interest bearing debt is the unknown in each equation.
If we just substitute the LHS of the income statement equation
for the last term of the balance sheet equation we can “solve
them simultaneously” to find the external debt financing
required.
This is made easy by spread sheets and should be easier to
understand by looking at the following example.
EXAMPLE
Income Statement
Net Sales
Cost of Goods Sold
GS&A Expenses
Interest Expense
Earnings Before Tax
Tax
Net Income
Dividends Paid
Additions to Retained Earnings
$240,000.00
$156,000.00
$36,000.00
$8,000.00
$40,000.00
$16,000.00
$24,000.00
$12,000.00
$12,000.00
Balance Sheet (end of period)
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Inventory
Net PP&E
Other Assets
Total Assets
$20,000.00 "=IF(20000+SUM(E14:E17)>E20+E21+SUM(E23:E27),20000,"
$65,000.00 "E20+E21+SUM(E23:E27)-SUM(E14:E17))"
$82,000.00
$150,000.00
$25,000.00
$342,000.00
Accounts Payable
Tax Accruals
Bank Loan
Equipment Loan
Miscellaneous Accruals
Long-Term Debt
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
Total Liabilities + Equity
$18,000.00
$9,000.00
$35,000.00 "=IF(20000+SUM(E14:E17)>E20+E21+SUM(E23:E27),"
$23,000.00 "(20000+SUM(E14:E17))-(E20+E21+SUM(E23:E27)),0)"
$5,000.00
$45,000.00
$95,000.00
$112,000.00 "100000+E10"
Firm had $100,000 RE end of last period.
$342,000.00
65% of sales
15% of sales
"+E22*.10+4500"
Firm decides that $20,000 is a minimum
cash balance that is acceptable.
All but cash account and bank loan
are assumed to be estimated via ratios.
"+E6*.4"
Interest on existing LT Debt is $4,500
"+E8*.5"
"+E8-E9"
THE PROCESS…
Many will not go to all the trouble and simply use
one balance sheet account as a residual account
(often “cash”) that makes the balance sheet
balance.
 In this way you don’t change the interest bearing
debt directly (so interest expense is fixed but
“wrong”) and equity changes only through
retained earnings.
 This allows you to see what you have to do with
financing to keep things on track. If cash gets big
or very negative you can plan on having to take
actions.
 This method is not very useful for FAP and
makes you think about what is going on before
you do any valuation.
 Why be sloppy when doing it right is now so
easy?
