Geography
• Mainland Greece is ________________
• It is made of three ________________;two are smaller and joined together by an __________ to create a larger ________________.
• The __________ Sea is to the west of Greece, the
_______________Sea is to the east, and the
__________________ Sea to the south.
• Although Greece’s soil is _________ and made it difficult to farm, they could grow some _________, and a lot of _____________ and _______________.

Geography
• Mainland Greece is mountainous.
• It is made of three peninsulas; two are smaller and joined together by an isthmus to create a larger
peninsula.
• The Ionian Sea is to the west of Greece, the Aegean
Sea is to the east, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
• Although Greece’s soil is rocky and this made it difficult to farm, they could grow some wheat, and a lot of grapes and olives.

Minoans
• The earliest Greeks were the _____________ who lived on the island of ___________.
• The capital was _____________.
• The Minoans were great ______and ________.
• Either because of a massive ____________ or because of an ________________, the
____________ took over as the most important Greeks.

Minoans
• The earliest Greeks were the Minoans who lived on the island of Crete.
• The capital was Knossos.
• The Minoans were great sailors and traders.
• Either because of a massive
earthquake or because of an invasion the Mycenaeans took over as the most important Greeks.

City-States
• An ___________ or open marketplace was also the place of the government buildings.
• Before Pericles, Athenian citizens had to be
__________, __________, and _______________.
• Regardless of your city-state, the soldiers were called______________ and fought in a
______________ formation.
• The Greek name for city-state is
____________.

City-States
• An agora or open marketplace was also the place of the government buildings.
• Before Pericles, Athenian citizens had to be
free, born in the city-state and own land.
• Regardless of you city-state, the soldiers were called hoplites and fought in a
phalanx formation.
• The Greek name for city-state is polis.

Types of Government
• A _____________ is led by a king or queen.
• An ____________ is where a few people ( usually upper class) hold power over a larger group.
• A ______________ is ruled by a ___________ who took over power by force ( usually with the support of the lower class)
• A ____________ is where all citizens share power.
• Sparta was an __________________, even though they had two ___________,
• Athens was a ______________.

Types of Government
• A monarchy is lead by a king or queen.
• An oligarchy is where a few people ( usually upper class) hold power over a larger group.
• A tyranny is ruled by a tyrant who took over power by force ( usually with the support of the lower class)
• A democracy is where all citizens share power.
• Sparta was an oligarchy, even though they had two kings.
• Athens was a democracy.

Sparta
• Spartan slaves, called _____________, did all the farming.
• The slaves out-numbered the soldiers, so the
Spartan had the biggest _________ to control the slaves.
• Boys started training at age ________, became soldiers at ___________, and served until age ______.
• Spartan girls participated in _____________ training and had more freedom than ___________ women.
• The council of Spartan elders, or ___________, thought up the laws.

Sparta
• Spartan slaves, called helots did all the farming.
• The slaves out-numbered the soldiers, so the
Spartan had the biggest army to control the slaves.
• Boys started training at age 7 became soldiers at 18 and served until age 60.
• Spartan girls participated in physical training and had more freedom than Athenian women.
• The council of Spartan elders, or ephors thought up the laws.

Persian Wars
• King ___________ of Persia wanted to punish the
_______________ for helping the Ionians rebel.
• The first fight, the _________ of ______________, was a victory for the Greeks.
• The next Persian king, _________, came back
_____years later to invade Greece with ___________ soldiers.
• The Spartans led at the battle of ______________ in a narrow ____________ pass. Even though all
__________ Spartans died, they gave the Greeks enough time to ______________.

Persian Wars
• King Darius of Persia wanted to punish the
Athenians for helping the Ionians rebel.
• The first fight, the Battle of Marathon was a victory for the Greeks.
• The next Persian king, Xerxes came back 10 years later to invade Greece with 300,000 soldiers.
• The Spartans led at the battle of Thermopylae in a narrow mountain pass. Even though all 300 Spartans died, they gave the Greeks enough time to retreat.

Persian Wars
• The Persians ___________ Athens.
• At ____________, the Greeks used their faster, smaller __________to defeat the
_____________.
• The final battle at __________ was again led by the _______________.
• The Persian Wars __________ the Greeks against a common enemy.

Persian Wars
• The Persians burned Athens.
• At Salamis the Greeks used their faster, smaller triremes to defeat the Persians
• The final battle at Plataea was again led by the Spartans.
• The Persian Wars united the Greeks against a common enemy.

Pericles/Golden Age
• Athens formed the ___________ ___________ with other city-states as a defense against the Persians.
• Sparta formed the ______________ _____________
• ________________ was elected General of Athens.
• He rebuilt the ________________, strengthened
___________________, and made the _________
__________ to the sea.
• Athens was still a ___________ democracy during
Pericles’ time.
• The ______________ _________ was a time of great invention and expansion of Athens

Pericles/Golden Age
• Athens formed the Delian League with other citystates as a defense against the Persians.
• Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League
• Pericles was elected General of Athens.
• He rebuilt the Parthenon strengthened democracy and made the long walls to the sea.
• Athens was still a direct democracy during Pericles’s time.
• The Golden Age was a time of great invention and expansion of Athens

Peloponnesian War
• This war lasted __________ years and the two sides were headed by _________ and ____________.
• The Pericles’ speech known as the ____________
_____________ gave the Athenians the courage to keep fighting.
• Athens retreated behind its __________ but a
____________ struck, killing 1/3 of the people including _____________.
• Spartans made a deal with _________ for money to build ____________.
• Sparta defeated _____________, but all of Greece was______________.

Peloponnesian War
• This war lasted 27 years and the two sides were headed by Sparta and Athens.
• The Pericles’ speech known as the Funeral Oration gave the Athenians the courage to keep fighting.
• Athens retreated behind its walls but a plague struck, killing 1/3 of the people including Pericles.
• Spartans made a deal with Persia for money to build ships.
• Sparta defeated Athens , but all of Greece was weakened.