Voeding, gezondheid & stad: implicaties voor stadslandbouw
Bijeenkomst Stedennetwerk Stadslandbouw, 1 juli, Ede
Edith Feskens, edith.feskens@wur.nl

Wageningen University & Research centre
‘To explore the potential of nature to improve the quality of life’
1876
Higher agricultural education at national level
1918
‘Landbouwhogeschool’
1997
WU merged with
Research Institutes

Campus Wageningen UR

Division of Human Nutrition (as of 1968)
190 people involved in research and education

40 scientific staff members involved in teaching
 20 postdocs, researchers
 45 technical assistants, dieticians, administrative staff
 85 PhD fellows (~30% international, external)
764 students Nutrition & Health
 448 BSc, 316 MSc (26% international), 2150 Alumni
 Courses, individual scientific work, internship in public/private organisation
 In 2015: Distance learning MSc Nutritional & Public Health Epidemiology

Wat is Stadslandbouw?
 Het produceren van voedsel en groen, in, om en voor de stad

Wat is Voeding?
 Voedsel = Food
 Voeding = Nutrition
 Nutriënten (voedingsstoffen), voedingsmiddelen
(Richtlijnen)
 Voedselkeuze, voedingsgedrag
 Voedingspatroon

Wat is Gezondheid?
 WHO (1948):
Gezondheid is een toestand van volledig lichamelijk, geestelijk en maatschappelijk welzijn en niet slechts de afwezigheid van ziekte of andere lichamelijk gebreken.
 Nieuw voorgesteld (M. Huber):
Het dynamische vermogen van mensen om zich aan te passen en zelf regie te voeren over hun welbevinden.
(Positieve Gezondheid)

Quetelet Index = Body Mass Index
 Gewicht (kg) / lengte 2 (m)
<18.5
ondergewicht
18.5-25 normaal gewicht
25-30
30-35
>35 overgewicht obesitas morbide obesitas

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1990, 2000, 2010
(*BMI  30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person)
1990 2000
2010
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Medical complications of obesity
Copyright ©2006 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Trends in overgewicht en obesitas in NL

Trend in kinderobesitas in NL

Overgewicht en Obesitas naar opleiding

Overweight ‘hotspots’ in NL

Overgewicht & Obesitas in NL

Ethnische verschillen?

Determinants of obesity

Copyright ©2007 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Pressures toward positive energy balance
E
In
High fat,
energy
dense
foods
Palatable, low-cost, easily available foods
Large portion sizes
Body
Fat
Mass
Work- related physical activity
Activity of daily living
E
Out
sedentary behavior
Bron: Hill et al., 2000

Determinants of physical activity
 Physical and social environment
 Personal attributes
 Aspects of the physical activity itself, such as exercise intensity and enjoyment of activity

Zoek de verschillen!
RGV
Voedselconsum ptiepeilin 2003,
2007

Summary of evidence WHO/FAO 2002
Strength of evidence
Convincing
Probable
Possible*
Insufficient
Factors protecting against obesity
Factors promoting obesity
Regular physical activity; high intake of dietary fibre
Sedentary lifestyles; high intake of foods high in energy and poor in micronutrients
Home and school environments that support healthy food choices for children; breast feeding
Heavy marketing of energy dense foods and fastfood outlets; high intake of sugars (sweetened soft drinks and fruit juices ); adverse socioeconomic conditions
(in developed countries, especially for women)
Foods with low glycaemic index
Large portion sizes; high proportion of food prepared outside home (developed countries); eating patterns showing "rigid restraint and periodic disinhibition"
Increased frequency of eating
Alcohol

Voedingsgedrag
 Niet ontbijten
 Snacken
 Energie-dichte voeding
 Grote porties
 Gesuikerde drank (frisdrank)
 Hoge eetsnelheid

Richtlijnen Goede Voeding leveren gezondheidswinst op!
 Hart- en vaatziekten
 Obesitas en Diabetes
 Diverse soorten Kanker
 Osteoporose
 Deficienties,
 Bloedarmoede etc

Bijna niemand eet gezond!

Gezonde Voeding: een bijdrage van stadslandbouw?
 Link met de Gezonde Wijk..
 (Arnhem: in Achterstandswijk.. lopend project: Samen
Langer Gezond.. Dit toevoegen?)
 Andere Voorbeelden?
 Verkleinen van de fysieke en psychologische afstand tussen consument en producent....
 Breder scale verse groenten, lagere prijs?
 Fysieke activeeti in moes- schooltuin
 Sociale cohesie

Impact of garden-based youth nutrition intervention programs: a review.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2009
 Findings from this review suggest that gardenbased nutrition intervention programs may have the potential to promote increased fruit and vegetable intake among youth and increased willingness to taste fruits and vegetables among younger children;
 however, empirical evidence in this area is relatively scant.
 There is a need for well-designed, evidenced-based, peer-reviewed studies to determine program effectiveness and impact. .

Review of the nutritional implications of farmers' markets and community gardens: a call for evaluation and research efforts. J Am Diet Assoc.
 .
 7 studies on the impact of farmers‘ market nutrition programs for Special
Supplemental Nutrition Program; 5 on programs for seniors, and 4 on focused on community gardens.
 Findings from this review reveal that few well-designed research studies (eg, those incorporating control groups) utilizing valid and reliable dietary assessment methods to evaluate the influence of farmers' markets and community gardens on nutrition-related outcomes have been completed.

Regionaal bevolkingsonderzoekonderzoek :
EetMeetWeet en NQplus
 EMW: een ‘sampling-frame’ van 6000 mensen uit
Wageningen eo (Ede, Renkum, Arnhem, Veenendaal)
 NQplus (Nutrition Questionnaires plus..) gedetailleerd longitudinaal onderzoek onder 1750 EMW deelnemers (mannen en vrouwen van 20-70 jaar)