Communication is the process of sending and receiving
information.
It is a vehicle through which we develop, maintain and
improve human relationships.
At times it also become the tool through which human
relationships are undermined or even destroyed.
Communication word is drawn from Communis (Latin
Derivation) which means common, the idea of
commonality is stressed in talking about
communication.
Denis McQuail, defines communication is a process
which increases commonality, but also requires
elements of commonality for it to occur at all.
Depending upon one’s perception and point of view the
definition of communication is dime and dozen:
transmission of information to elicit a response,
coordinating the favorable responses between a
person and an audience, sharing an information, an
idea, or ‘meeting of minds, a bringing about of a
common set of symbols in the minds of the
participants – in short an understanding.
Communication integrates knowledge, organization and
power and runs as a thread linking the earliest
memory of man to his noblest aspiration through
constant striving for a better life.
Birds chirps, frog croaks, honeybee dances, and convey
messages to their fellows.
The messages which delivers can be oral or written.
Berlo says, “Communication does not consist of
transmission of meaning. Meanings are not
transmitted or transferable. Only messages are
transmitted and meanings are not in the message,
they are in the message users.”
HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Need: Man’s need for communication is as strong as
basic of his need to eat, sleep, and live.
The severest punishment for a child is to leave him alone
and tell, “ I refuse to talk to you.”
Grown ups too and aged once specially need a company,
need to communicate.
Society too punishes criminals by locking them in solitary
cells, thus making them starve them to the basic need
of COMMUNICATION
The basic need of communication can be traced to the
process of man’s evolution.
In Ramapithecus age our pre-historic ancestors
emerging from the caves possessed the basic sense
of sight , hearing, touch, smell and taste.
They started distinguish between the pleasurable and
unpleasurable experience.
The brain got developed and the basic sense of
satisfying the needs – light to see, air to breath, food
to eat, water to drink, sleep to strengthen and shelter
to protect from the enviornemnt,
By about 300,000 BC their nervous system and brain, as
well as the genetic features began to resemblethose
of present human basic needs.
In the Mnemonic stage, wise persons were those who
could remember something.
Communication was social but still language was not
developed.
By about 7000 BC, the ability of communication gained
another medium- Pictographics.
Drawing pictures, Wall Etching inside caves, and temples
remain vivid pictures messages that depicts the life
and religious beliefs of those first humans.
In the period od 3000 BC to 200o BC, these etching
became stylized. Now they started building homes.
And symbols came:
Man
House -9
Camel- 7
Gates-
Cave paintings
Petroglyps- painting on rocks
Pictograms- of living things
Ideogram
Witing - symbols
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF SOCIETY
System of communication- a system through which
people could exchange symbols and thus propagates
learning at a much accelerated rate.
System of production- to create goods and services both
for their needs and for exchange.
System of Defense –to protect their domain against the
intruders
System of members replacement- sufficient to
counteract diseases and other elements of member
destruction.
System of Social Control- to maintain order in the society.
THE EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION
Verbal Communication
The most common form of communication.
 Spoken communication
 Languages and dialects
What dialects are spoken in your area?
In the country?
As civilization progressed, interpersonal communication
was used cross-culturally
Relay runners would carry messages to distant places to
the different places.
Fires, smoke were used for the signals
Pigeon-post were used
Maritime flags
Communication- drums horns
ALPHABET
The first pure alphabets emerged around 2000 BC in
Ancient Egypt, but by then alphabetic principles had
already been incorporated into Egyptian hieroglyphs .
By 2700 BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 22
hieroglyphs to represent syllables that begin with a
single consonant of their language, plus a vowel (or no
vowel) to be supplied by the native speaker.
THE EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION
Written Communication
 Symbols, hieroglyphics, and drawings
 The Chinese invent paper
THE EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION
Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press
DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION:
The process of creating and exchanging meaning
through symbolic interaction.
 As a process communication constantly moves and
changes. It does not stand still.
 Meaning involves thoughts, ideas, and understandings
shared by communicators.
 Symbolic means that we rely on words and nonverbal
behaviors to communicate meaning and feelings.
Why Communication…
to express our emotions
achieve joint understanding
to get things done
pass on and obtain information
reach decisions
develop relationships
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Ways & effects of Communication
Formal
Less Flexible, More Accurate
but less responsive (JAGRITI…)
Informal
More Flexible, Less Accurate but
responsive (Grapevine/Rumors)
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What is Communication…
art of getting your message
across effectively through:
•Spoken words – first & simplest way
•Body Language – can make or mar
•Written words – reflects importance
•Visuals – leaves greatest impact
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Types & Methods
Written
Letters, Memos, Reports…
Spoken
Conversations, Interviews,
Phone Calls, Requests…
Gestures
Facial expressions, Actions,
Voice Tone, Silence, Stance…
Visuals
Photographs, Paintings, Videos,
Film…
Multimedia Television, Newspaper,
Magazines, Internet…
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PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
Sender
Message
Channel
Receiver
Communication : The Flow
Channel
Delivery
Formulating
Message
Sender
Feedback
Receiver
Perception
Response
Understanding
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Intrapersonal Communication- Communication
within ourself. Its an individual reflection,
contemplation, and meditation.
Eyes/Ears
The one who
see things
become sender
Electrochemical
Impulse
Message
passes
Central nervous
system
Channel
Brain
Receiver
Interpersonal Communication- its direct face to
face communication between two person.
In other words a dialogue or a conversation without the
intervention of another person or a machine or two
way radio or television set-up.
It is more of a personal, direct and intimate
Verbal
Communication
The words we
use
Nonverbal
Communication
Bodily actions and
vocal qualities that
typically accompany a
verbal message
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CHARACTERISTICS OF
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Intentional or unintentional
Ambiguous
Primary
Continuous
Multichannel
Actions speak louder than words.
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FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
To provide information
To regulate interaction
To express or hide emotion and affect
To present an image
To express power and control
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Regulate Interaction
Microsoft Photo
Facial expressions or gestures that
are used to control or regulate the
flow of a conversation
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EXPRESS EMOTION OR
AFFECT
Microsoft Photo
Facial expressions and gestures
that augment the verbal expression
of feelings
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TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Kinesics
Paralanguage
Vocal interferences
Spatial Usage
Self-presentation cues
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KINESICS
Eye Contact
Facial expressions
Emoticons
Gesture
Posture
Touch
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TOUCH
Touching and being touched are essential to
a healthy life
Microsoft Photo
Touch can communicate power, empathy,
understanding
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PARALANGUAGE
Pitch
Volume
Rate
Quality
Intonation/ Modulation the change
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VOCAL INTERFERENCES
Extraneous sounds or words that interrupt fluent speech
“uh,” “um”
“you know,” “like”
Place markers
Filler
Vocal interferences are word people use that don't really have
any use in the sentence.
example. Today I went to the store, and "ah" in line I saw
person who "umm" wearing a robber mask.
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SPATIAL USAGE
Proxemics
Intimate distance
Personal distance
Social distance
Public Distance
Territory
Artifacts/Objects
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PERSONAL SPACE AT WORK
Microsoft Photo
Your office
Your desk
A table in the cafeteria
that you sit at
regularly
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COLOR INFLUENCES COMMUNICATION
Yellow cheers
and
elevates moods
Red excites
and
stimulates
In some
cultures
black suggests
mourning
Blue comforts
and
soothes
In some
cultures
white suggests
purity
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SELF-PRESENTATION CUES
Physical Appearance
Endomorph
Mesomorph
Ectomorph
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Time (Chronemics)
 Monochronic- A monochronic time system means that things are done one at
a time and time is segmented into precise, small units. Monochronic cultures
include Germany, Canada, Switzerland, United States
 Polychronic- A polychronic time system is a system where several things can
be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time.
Polychronic cultures include Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Mexico, New Orleans, Philippines,
Pakistan, India, and many in Africa.
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Monochronic People
Polychronic People
do one thing at a time
do many things at once
concentrate on the job
are highly distractible and subject to interruptions
take time commitments (deadlines, schedules)
seriously
consider an objective to be achieved, if possible
are low-context and need information
are high-context and already have information
committed to the job
are committed to people and human relationships
adhere religiously to plans
change plans often and easily
are concerned about not disturbing others; follow
rules of privacy and consideration
are more concerned with those who are closely
related than with privacy
show great respect for private property; seldom
borrow or lend
borrow and lend things often and easily
emphasize promptness
base promptness on the relationship
are accustomed to short-term relationships
have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships
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SELF-PRESENTATION
Microsoft Photo
What message do you wish to send with your
choice of clothing and personal grooming?
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TIME
Microsoft Photo
How do we manage and react to others’
management of time
 duration
 activity
 punctuality
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CULTURAL AND GENDER
VARIATIONS
Kinesics- Kinesics is the interpretation of body language such as facial
expressions and gestures — or, more formally, non-verbal behavior
related to movement, either of any part of the body or the body as a
whole.
Haptics- Haptics refers to the sense of touch
Paralanguage- Paralanguage refers to the non-verbal elements of
communication used to modify meaning and convey emotion.
Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously, and
it includes the pitch, volume, and, in some cases, intonation/Pitch
of speech.
Proxemics and Territory- Proxemics is the study of measurable
distances between people as they interact.
Olfactory Communication- sense of smell
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Nonverbal Signals
Microsoft Photo
Vary from culture to culture
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WHAT DOES THIS SYMBOL MEAN TO YOU?
In the United States it is a
symbol for good job
In Germany the number one
In Japan the number five
In Ghana an insult
In Malaysia the thumb is used to
point rather than a finger
-
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IMPROVING NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS
•When sending messages
• Be conscious of nonverbal behavior
• Be purposeful in use of nonverbals
• Make sure nonverbals are not distracting
• Match verbal and nonverbal communication
• Adapt to the situation
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IMPROVING NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS
•When receiving messages
• Don’t automatically assume
• Consider gender, culture and individual
differences
• Pay attention to all aspects of nonverbal
communication
• Use perception checking
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Interpersonal Communication- Face to face
communication which includes a simple process of
sender to receiver. It includes two members
In such kind of communication there is a exchange of
ideas through verbal and non-verbal language.
Group Communication- this type of communication
occurs between three or more person who perceive
the message and respond at the same time.
Interaction and intimacy depend upon the size of the
group.
SHAW 1976, IDENTIFIED SIX WAYS IN WHICH
GROUP CAN BE DIVIDED
Perception
Motivation
Goals oriented
Organization
Interdependency
Interaction
TYPES OF GROUPS;
Primary group- basic unit----family
Casual or social group--- company of friends, neighbours
and others with whom we socialize.
Learning or educational groups– seminars, lectures and
conferences
Work group- goal achieving groups often within the
context of a job
Public Communication :- it occurs in a formal and
structured settings. It is different from group
communication.
In public communication one include people from
different caste, community, creed, sex etc on a single
moto or agenda and communicate to give the
message and at the same point ask for the response
Mass Communication: this include when communication
occurs at the higher level. People in this
communication use a particular medium to supply the
message.
Task is break into two parts:What to communicate, and how to deliver the message
to make the greatest impact on an audience
Wright(1975) says that the audience in mass
communication is relatively large, heterogeneous, and
anonymous to the source.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1948- Harold laswell
Who
To whom
In which channel
Says what
With what effect
Who says
The media
organisation/rep
orters/journalist
what
The news
report/
event/happe
nings in the
world
Through
which
channel
The
mediums
available to
the audience
To whom
The target
audience
The
consumers
With
what
effect
Howthe
society
grabs
the
news
and
undesrt
and it
7 C’ OF COMMUNICATION
Credibility:- Communication starts with the climate of belief. This climate is built by
performance on the part of the communicator. The performance reflects an
earnest desire to serve the receiver.
Context :- theme, motive the context must confirm not contradict the message. It
must provide for participation and playback
Content :- the content is the message
Clarity :- the message must be put in simple terms. Words must mean the same thing
to receiver as they do the sender .
Continuity and Consistency :- unending process. It requires repetition to achieve
penetration.
Channels :- Different channels have different effects
Capability of Audience: factors of availability, understanding, habit reading[
So there was a need to understand the effects,
that how the audience grabs the news, events,
happenings from the society and how do they
react on it.
So the researcher after reading the happenings
of the war of the world’s and other studies
which made them understood that media is
affecting the audience, children direct in their
mind so the first theory came up.
DIFFUSION AND ADOPTION MODELELMO ROPER- CONCENTRIC CIRCLE THEORY
Politically
Inert
Politically
Active
Lesser
Disseminator
s
Great
Disseminato
rs
Great
Disciples
Great
Thinke
rs
ACCEPTANCE GOES IN FIVE STAGES
•
Awareness
•
Interest
•
Evaluation
•
Trial
•
Adoption
GALLUP’S REGULATORS OF ABSORPTION RATE
OF NEW IDEAS
a. Complexity of the ideas
b. Factors of difference from accustomed patterns
c. Competition with prevailing ideas
d. Is idea susceptible to demonstration and proof
e. How strong are vested interests which will block proposed
f.
Does proposal meet a felt need
g. Frequency with which public is reminded of new ideas.
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Context provides the people, the occasion and the task.
Physical environment is the actual place or space where
communication occurs.
Climate influences the emotional atmosphere.
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Sender
Channel
Noise
Encoding
Message
Barrier
Feedback
Decoding
Channel
Receiver