Hiphil: Meaning and Form Hiphil Meaning Causative The Hiphil expresses causative action in which the subject causes the action to occur. Consider the differences between the Qal and Hiphil in the following examples: Active (Qal) he heard he brought the book the man killed the goat she broke the jar Causative (Hiphil) he caused to hear (or) he announced (or) he proclaimed he caused the book to be brought the man caused the goat to be killed she caused the jar to break The literal translation of the Hiphil may require adjustment to create idiomatic English phrases. Consider the following examples of literal Hiphil translations, along with possible idiomatic adjustments. Hiphil Literal Translation he caused the people to see he caused his heart to be hardened he caused them to come out Hiphil Idiomatic Translation he showed the people he hardened his heart he brought them out Hiphil Meaning Permissive The permissive meaning is similar to the causative but takes on the added meaning of giving permission. Context is the best way to determine whether to use the causative or permissive meaning. Active (Qal) she saw him he brought the book the man killed the goat Permissive (Hiphil) she allowed him to see he allowed the book to be brought the man allowed the goat to be killed Stative Verbs that are stative in Qal will also be stative in Hiphil. Stative verbs in Hiphil are infrequent. Stative (Qal) he is ashamed he will be dry the man is great Stative (Hiphil) he will make ashamed he will dry up the man will make great (or exalt) Denominative The Hiphil can be used to create verbs from noun roots. Noun ear fat rain Denominative (Hiphil) give ear; listen to grow fat to cause to rain Hiphil Perfect PNG 3ms Qal כָּ תַ ב כָּ ְתבָּ ה ָּכָּ תַ בְ ָּת ְָּכָּ תַ בְ ת כָּ תַ בְ ִתי כָּ ְתבּו כְ תַ בְ תֶּ ם Hiphil The diagnostic features of the Hiphil perfect are: ִהכְ ִתיבhe caused to write 3fs she wrote ִהכְ ִתיבָּ הshe caused to write • He prefix. 2ms you wrote ָָּּ ְ ִהכְ ַתבyou caused to write • Hireq frequently beneath the he ת 2fs you wrote ְָּ ִהכְ ַתבְ תyou caused to write prefix. 1cs I wrote ִהכְ תַ בְ ִתיI caused to write • Hireq-yod vowel frequently beneath second root consonant in the third 3cp they wrote ִהכְ ִתיבּוthey caused to write the person. 2mp ָּ ִהכְ ַתבְ ֶּתyou caused to write • Patakh vowel frequently beneath the you wrote second root consonant in the first and ם second person. 2fp כְ תַ בְ תֶּ ןyou wrote ִהכְ תַ בְ תֶּ ןyou caused to write 1cp כָּ תַ בְ נּוwe wrote ִהכְ ַתבְ נּוwe caused to write The Niphal infinitive construct ( ) ִהקָּ טֵ לand imperative forms also have a he prefix. The vowel pattern is he wrote the best way to distinguish between the Hiphil perfect and the similar Niphal forms. Hiphil Imperfect PNG 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp Qal יִכְ תָּב ִתכְ תָּב ִתכְ תָּב ִתכְ ְתבִ י אֶּ כְ תָּב יִכְ ְתבּו ִתכְ תָּבְ נָּה ִתכְ ְתבּו ִתכְ תָּבְ נָּה נִכְ תָּב Hiphil he will write she will write you will write you will write I will write they will write they will write you will write you will write we will write יַכְ ִתיב תַ כְ ִתיב תַ כְ ִתיב תַ כְ ִתיבִ י ַאכְ ִתיב יַכְ ִתיבּו תַ כְ תֵ בְ נָּה תַ כְ ִתיבּו תַ כְ תֵ בְ נָּה נַכְ ִתיב he will cause to write she will cause to write you will cause to write you will cause to write I will cause to write they will cause to write they will cause to write The diagnostic features of the Hiphil imperfect are: • Patakh vowel usually beneath the prefix. • Hireq-yod vowel usually beneath the second root consonant, except in the 2fs and 3fs, which usually have a tsere. you will cause to write you will cause to write we will cause to write The Hiphil imperfect might be confused with the I-guttural Qal. In the I-guttural Qal, the prefix vowel lengthens to a patakh. To distinguish between the two forms, consider the vowel of the second root consonant. In the Qal the vowel is a holem, while in the Hiphil the vowel is a tsere-yod or patakh. Hiphil Imperative, Infinitive Construct and Infinitive Absolute PNG Imper. 2ms 2fs 2mp 2fp Inf. Construct Inf. Absolute Qal כְ תָּב כִ ְתבִ י כִ ְתבּו כְ תָּבְ נָּה כְ תָּב כָּ תוֹב Hiphil (you) write! (you) write! (you) write! (you) write! writing to write הַ כְ תֵ ב הַ כְ ִתיבִ י הַ כְ ִתיבּו הַ כְ תֵ בְ נָּה הַ כְ ִתיב הַ כְ תֵ ב (you) cause to write! The diagnostic features of the Hiphil infinitive absolute are: (you) cause to write! (you) cause to write! (you) cause to write! causing to write to cause to write • He prefix. • Patakh vowel generally beneath the he prefix. • Tsere vowel generally beneath the second root consonant. The diagnostic features of the Hiphil imperative are: The diagnostic features of the Hiphil infinitive construct are: • He prefix. • Patakh generally beneath the he prefix. • Hireq-yod vowel generally beneath the second root consonant in the 2fs and 2mp. • Patakh vowel generally beneath the second root consonant in the 2ms and 2fp. • He prefix. • Patakh vowel generally beneath the he prefix. • Hireq-yod vowel generally beneath the second root consonant. Hiphil Participle PNG Active Participle ms fs mp fp Qal כֹתֵ ב כֹתֶּ בֶּ ת כ ְֹתבִ ים כ ְֹתבוֹת Hiphil writing writing writing writing מַ כְ ִתיב מַ כְ תֶּ בֶּ ת מַ כְ ִתיבִ ים מַ כְ ִתיבוֹת causing to write causing to write causing to write causing to write To summarize, the diagnostic features of the Hiphil participle are: • Mem prefix. • Patakh vowel usually beneath the mem prefix. • Hireq-yod vowel usually beneath the second root consonant, except in the feminine singular, which usually has a tsere. Hiphil I-Nun and I-Guttural I-Nun In the I-nun, all of the strong Hiphil diagnostic features are preserved in each conjugation. In the I-nun, the first root consonant nun assimilates into the second root consonant and manifests itself as a dagesh. I-Guttural In the I-guttural, all of the strong Hiphil diagnostic features are preserved, except in the perfect. In the I-guttural perfect, the vowel beneath the he prefix is a segol. Because the first root consonant is a guttural, it takes a partial shewa instead of a full shewa in all conjugations. In the perfect, the partial shewa is a khatef-segol, and in the other conjugations the partial shewa is a khatef-patakh. Hiphil III-Guttural & III-Aleph Generally, all of the diagnostic characteristics for the Hiphil remain in III-guttural and III-aleph. III-Guttural The vowel of the second root consonant changes to a patakh in the III-guttural 2fp and 3fp imperfect conjugations. The same change occurs in the III-guttural 2ms and 2fp imperative. III-Aleph The vowel of the second root consonant changes to a tsere in the III-aleph first and second person perfect conjugations. The vowel of the second root consonant changes to a segol in the III-aleph 2fp and 3fp imperfect conjugations. The same change occurs in the III-aleph 2fp imperative. Hiphil Verbs: I-Yod and I-Yod with III-Guttural or III-Aleph I-Yod The first root consonant yod is replaced with a vav-holem in all conjugations. III-Aleph (as shown in the previous slide) The vowel of the second root consonant changes to a tsere in the III-aleph first and second person perfect conjugations. The vowel of the second root consonant changes to a segol in the III-aleph 2fp and 3fp imperfect conjugations. The same change occurs in the III-aleph 2fp imperative. III-Guttural (as shown in the previous slide) The vowel of the second root consonant changes to a patakh in the III-guttural 2fp and 3fp imperfect conjugations. The same change occurs in the III-guttural 2ms and 2fp imperative. Hiphil Verbs: III-He III-He In the Hiphil form, the same changes occur in the III-he that occurs in the other verb forms such as Qal and Niphal. The III- הdrops off completely in all forms with a suffix. The infinitive construct form of III- הverbs ends in ֹות. Do not confuse this with feminine plural nouns, participles, and adjectives that also end in ֹות. For the III-he with I-yod, the first root consonant yod is replaced with a vav-holem in all conjugations. For the III-he with I-guttural in the perfect, the prefix vowel is a segol instead of a hireq. For the III-he with I-guttural, the first root consonant guttural refuses to take a shewa and instead takes a reduced form of the prefix vowel. For example, the 3ms perfect khatef segol first root consonant vowel. ֶה ֱעשָׂהhas a segol prefix vowel and a For the III-he with I-nun, the first root consonant nun assimilates into the second root consonant, manifesting itself as a dagesh in all conjugations. Hiphil Verbs: III-He III-He In the Hiphil form, the same changes occur in the III-he that occurs in the other verb forms such as Qal and Niphal. The III- הdrops off completely in all forms with a suffix. The infinitive construct form of III- הverbs ends in ֹות. Do not confuse this with feminine plural nouns, participles, and adjectives that also end in ֹות. For the III-he with I-yod, the first root consonant yod is replaced with a vav-holem in all conjugations. For the III-he with I-guttural in the perfect, the prefix vowel is a segol instead of a hireq. For the III-he with I-guttural, the first root consonant guttural refuses to take a shewa and instead takes a reduced form of the prefix vowel. For example, the 3ms perfect khatef segol first root consonant vowel. ֶה ֱעשָׂהhas a segol prefix vowel and a For the III-he with I-nun, the first root consonant nun assimilates into the second root consonant, manifesting itself as a dagesh in all conjugations. Hiphil Verbs: Hollow, Hollow with III-Guttural, and Hollow with III-Aleph Hollow Regardless of whether their second root consonant is yod or vav, Hiphil hollow verbs have a hireq-yod vowel pattern. The prefix vowel in the imperfect, imperative, and infinitive forms is a qamets instead of a patakh. The prefix vowel for the participle conjugations varies between a shewa and a tsere instead of the standard Hiphil patakh. Hiphil Verbs: Geminates Geminates A dagesh appears in the second root consonant of all forms with a suffix. The dagesh represents the missing third root consonant of the geminate verb. Suffixes that begin with a consonant are preceded by a vav-holem. This is a distinct trait of geminate verbs that will help with identification. Often a patakh replaces a tsere or a tsere will replace a hireq beneath the first root consonant of a geminate with II and III gutturals.