Cohesion - Conjunction
Present
Teacher Teeranuch Wareerak
Conjunction
coordinating
correlative
adverbs subordinating
Conjunctions are words used as joiners
joining words, phrases, clauses.
Coordinating Conjunctions
คือ คำทีใ่ ช้ เชื่อมคำ วลี หรือ ข้ อควำม เข้ ำด้ วยกันและทำให้ ข้อควำมนั้นเป็ นประโยค
ควำมรวม(Compound Sentence) แบ่ งออกเป็ น 4ชนิด ตำมลักษณะของคำ
และกำรใช้
1.
And – Type
รวมทั้งคำทีม่ ีควำมหมำยคล้ ำย and
2.
But – Type
รวมทั้งคำที่มคี วำมหมำยคล้ ำย But
3.
Or – Type
รวมทั้งคำทีม่ ีควำมหมำยคล้ ำย or
4.
So – Type
รวมทั้งคำที่มคี วำมหมำยคล้ ำย so
1. And - Type รวมทั้งคำทีม่ คี วำมหมำยคล้ ำย and นำมำเชื่อมเนือ้ ควำมที่“ควำมหมำย
คล้ อยตำมกัน หรือเชื่อมโยงกัน” (Cumulative, Additive or
Copulative) ได้ แก่ คำดังต่ อไปนี้
And, as well as, nor
Example:
1.
We are going to the cinema and spending an evening at the
opera.
*Here the coordinating conjunction "and" links two independent clauses
creates a compound sentence.
2. Daniel's uncle claimed that he spent most of his youth dancing on
rooftops and swallowing goldfish.
*Here the coordinating conjunction "and" links two participle phrases
("dancing on rooftops" and "swallowing goldfish") which act as
adverbs describing the verb "spends."
2. But - Type รวมทั้งคำทีม่ คี วำมหมำยคล้ ำย But นำมำเชื่อมเนือ้ ควำมที่“ควำมหมำย
ขัดแย้ งกัน หรือตรงข้ ำมกัน” (Adversative) ได้ แก่ คำดังต่ อไปนี้
But, while, yet, whereas
Examples:
1. He waited many hours for her to come to party, but eventually she
didn’t come.
2. This hat costs 20 baht, while (or whereas) that one costs 15.
3. I don’t care for the beach, but I enjoy a good vacation in the mountains.
*A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses creates a compound
sentence and requires a comma before the coordinating conjunction
4. I can go to see you any days, but Sunday. ( but act as except )
3. Or - Type รวมทั้งคำทีม่ คี วำมหมำยคล้ ำย or นำมำเชื่อมเนือ้ ควำมทีม่ ไี ว้ สำหรับเลือก
(Alternative or Disjunction) ได้ แก่ คำดังต่ อไปนี้
Or, or else, otherwise
Example:
1. Where will we camp in the mountains, on the beach, or at the
lakeside?
*A coordinating conjunction joining three prepositional phrases and
requires commas between the elements.
2. They must leave at once, or else they will miss the train.
3. You had better come yourself, otherwise you will send your
friend.
4. So - Type รวมทั้งคำทีม่ คี วำมหมำยคล้ ำย so นำมำเชื่อมเนือ้ ควำมที่เป็ นเหตุเป็ น
ผลกันและกัน (illative or Result) ได้ แก่ คำดังต่ อไปนี้
So, for
Examples:
1. This movie is particularly interesting to feminist film theorists, for
the screenplay was written by Mae West.
*here the co-ordinating conjunction "for" is used to link two independent
clauses.
2. Tom ate all the peanuts, so Phil ate the cookies.
*A coordinating conjunction “so” joining two independent clauses creates a
compound sentence and requires a comma before the coordinating
conjunction
Correlative Conjunctions
คือ คำเชื่อมที่มกั ปรำกฏเป็ นคู่ ใช้เชื่อมคำ วลี หรื อข้อควำม ที่ทำ
หน้ำที่เสมือนคำนำมเข้ำด้วยกัน ได้แก่คำดังต่อไปนี้
both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but
also, so...as, whether...or, and….too, no less….than
Examples:
1.Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel
plant.
*In this sentence, the correlative conjunction "both...and" is used to
link the two noun phrases that act as the compound subject of the
sentence: "my grandfather" and "my father".
2. Bring either a Jello salad or a potato scallop.
*Here the correlative conjunction "either...or" links two noun phrases: "a
Jello salad" and "a potato scallop.“
3. Corinne is trying to decide whether to go to medical school or
to go to law school.
*Similarly, the correlative conjunction "whether ... or" links the two
infinitive phrases "to go to medical school" and "to go to law school.“
4. The explosion destroyed not only the school but also the
neighbouring pub.
*In this example the correlative conjunction "not only ... but also" links the
two noun phrases ("the school" and "neighbouring pub") which act as
direct objects.
Conjunction Adverbs
คือ คำที่ใช้เชื่อมเพื่อบอกข้อควำมเพิ่มเติม หรื อกล่ำวเสริ ม จำกข้อควำมที่ได้
กล่ำวไปแล้ว หรื อเชื่อมเพื่อรวมข้อควำมเข้ำด้วยกัน ได้แก่คำดังต่อไปนี้
also
incidentally
nonetheless
as a result
indeed
on the contrary
besides
in fact
on the other hand
consequently
in other words
otherwise
finally
instead
Still*
for example
likewise
then
furthermore
meanwhile
therefore
hence
moreover
thus
However*
Nevertheless*
next
Examples:
1.The tire was flat; therefore, we called a service station.
2. It was a hot day; nevertheless, the roofers worked on the project all
the day.
3. I told him not to send those books by airmail; however, I now think
that he had better do so.
4. Sunlight is good for health; on the other hand, too much sunlight
causes illness.
5. Jack is a very lazy student, moreover, he always comes late to class.
*Punctuation: Place a semicolon before the conjunctive
adverb and a comma after the conjunctive adverb.
*Conjunctive adverbs ต่ อไปนีค้ อื still, however,
nevertheless จะนำไปวำงไว้ ท้ำยประโยคก็ได้ แต่ ประโยคทั้งสองทีว่ ำงไว้ หน้ ำคำ
เหล่ ำนี้ ต้ องแยกประโยคด้ วย semicolon (;) จบประโยคหลังใส่ comma (,)
Example:
6. He never worked hard; he gained all prizes, however.
7. I was annoyed; I kept quite, still.
8. It was a hot day; the roofers worked on the project all the
day, nevertheless.
Subordinating Conjunctions
คือ คำที่ใช้เชื่อมวลีกบั ประโยคเข้ำด้วยกันและเมื่อเชื่อมลงไปแล้วทำให้เกิด
เป็ นประโยคควำมซ้อน (complex sentence) มีดงั ต่อไปนี้.
Where
Lest
in that
When
No matter how
In order (that)
Why
Now that
How
Whenever
Once
If
Whether
Provided (that)
In case (that)
While
Since
Even though
Until (till)
So that
Before
unless
Supposing (that)
Because
By the time
Than
Although (though)
Even if
As soon as
as
Hardly*
That
After
*Inversion – verb and subject are inverted after
these words.
For example:We had hardly taken our coats off (when) it was time to
go.
Hardly had we taken our coats off (when) it was time to
go.
She is not only intelligent; she is also beautiful.
Not only is she intelligent, but also beautiful.
Source: Hugh Cory, Advanced Writing with English in Use (Oxford: OUP, 1999)
1. เชื่อมควำมเพื่อบอกเวลำ (time)
- Wait for me till I come.
- I returned home after he had gone.
2. เชื่อมควำมแสดงเหตุผล (reason)
- He will succeed, because he has worked hard.
- As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
3. เชื่อมควำมแสดงควำมมุ่งหมำย (purpose)
S + V + conjunctions + S + Modal verb (can, could) + V.inf
- We eat so (that) we may live.
- He held her hand lest she should fall.
4. เชื่อมควำมแสดงผลตำมหลัง (result)
- Susan is so fat that she cannot walk fast.
- He is so tried that he could scarcely stand.
5. เชื่อมควำมเพื่อแสดงกำรคำดคะเน เงื่อนไข หรื อสมมติ (condition)
- I will do this if I am allowed.
- he will not do that unless you allow him.
6. เชื่อมควำมยอมรับหรื อแตกต่ำงกัน (concession)
- Shayne is an honest man, though he is poor.
- He will never succeed, although much he may try.
7. เชื่อมควำมแสดงกำรเปรี ยบเทียบ (comparison)
- He likes you as much as I (like you).
- He is more intelligent than I (am).
8. เชื่อมแสดงขนำดและอำกำร (manner)
- Do I Rome as the Romans do.
- This is not true, so far as I can find out.
9. เชื่อมควำมซ้อนใจควำมที่อยูข่ ำ้ งหน้ำ (apposition)
- It is true that he becomes rich.
- He made a promise that he would return soon.
Common Mistakes
► Note that a subordinating conjunction introduces a subordinate
clause, which must be followed by a main clause.
The following is therefore not a complete sentence:
Although there are many reasons why young people start to smoke.
A correct way of formulating this sentence would be:However, there are many reasons why young people start to smoke.
Similarly, the following sentence is grammatically incorrect:Whereas some argue that children should be forced to do more exercise.
Again, this needs to be phrased differently, for example:However / On the other hand / By contrast, some argue that children
should be forced to do more exercise.
► Make a note of the two different conjunctions despite and in spite of –
despite of does not exist!
References
http://www.towson.edu/ows/conjunctions.htm#COOR
DINATING%20CONJUNCTIONS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(linguistics)
http://se-ed.net/biofreaks/conjunction.html