永宁纳语(纳西语东部方言)的音位系统:
从听觉的记音到声学分析
Reflections about the phonemic analysis
of Yongning Na (Tibeto-Burman):
perceptual transcription and acoustic data
Alexis Michaud* 米可
Jacqueline Vaissière** 雅科林·维西尔
*Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale
**Laboratoire de Phonétique et Phonologie
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ Université Paris 3
Phonetics Conference of China, PCC 2008, Special Session:
“Sino-Tibetan Field Phonetics from a Universal Perspective”
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1. 背景问题：如何选择国际音标符号？
1.1. 在不同国家、国际音标的用法稍有所不同。
例如：赵元任先生的元音符号ɿ是否等于成音节的/z/？
(至今这些符号未进入国际音标表)
1. Background issue:
How do we select IPA symbols for phonemes?
1.1. ‘IPA dialects’ from a universal perspective
• use of /y/ instead of /j/ in African studies
• in China: use of Chao’s symbols for fricative syllabics
(E. Zee, this conference)
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1.2. 应该按照什么标准应用国际音标符号？
因为本地调查者需要进行音位归纳、所以他一般会很清楚地知道, 一个音
位的定义等于它在整个音位系统中的位置。(→结构主义的观点。)
同时,他会按照“多种语言一种标音文字”来利用国际音标符号。
声学分析能不能帮我们更好地把结构与实体联系起来？
‘Dialectal’ uses of the IPA point to an issue:
references for a standard usage?
1.2. The paradox of fieldwork: a double allegiance:
structural observation: each phoneme is defined in terms of its
position within the phonemic system.
implementation of the International Phonetic Alphabet ideal:
one alphabet for all languages.
↓
Can acoustics help bridge the gap?
Can it help describe linguistic diversity,
in terms of a common descriptive framework?
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2.永宁纳语(纳西语东部方言)
的音位系统
2. Phonemic inventory of
Yongning Na
(work in progress)
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起初记录为[e]与[i]的那两个元音、是同一个音位的变体？
或者只是调查者的听觉习惯里才有的两种不同的音？
或者只是因调查者的听觉习惯而区分出来的？
Initial phonetic notations: a case of allophony…
rhyme
initial
consonant
[e], [o]
retroflex (fricatives,
affricates and stops);
dental fricatives
and affricates
[i], [u]
All others: zero
initial; labials; dental
stops; laterals;
alveolo-palatals;
velars; glottal; nasals
… or a perceptual bias?
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3. A glance at acoustics
3.1. The close front vowel
Initial notations: [e] vs. [i]
[tɕiH] ‘cloud’ 云
[ʈʂeH] ‘earth’ 土
Spectrographically: similar.
Formant movement:
opening, ≈[ie]
语谱图表明,分别记为[e]与[i]的
元音原来是相同的。
Perception of [e]: due to
initial consonant?
→ cross-splicing:
initial [tɕ] of ‘cloud’+rhyme of ‘earth’
initial [tʂ] of ‘earth’+rhyme of ‘cloud’
Intuition:
perceived allophony:
perceptual effect
of the preceding
context.
调查者的语言背景的影响：比较永宁纳语的/i/元音与法语的/i/元音
Influence of the investigator’s linguistic background?
The close front vowel
of Yongning Na in isolation:
[iMH] ‘pimple’ 痘痘
Perceptual expectations:
French /i/ corresponds to the
acoustic configuration
{palatal (⇑F3F4)3200Hz}
French /pi/
(logatom)
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→ 是否两种变体? 声学分析：似乎不是。
但从听觉角度而言、却有区分的可能性。
→ is the description in terms of two allophones inadequate?
Acoustically:
similar vowels;
perceptually:
potential for
separate evolution.
↓
project:
2 female speakers,
2 male speakers
=
3.2. Rhotic sounds
‘rock’
Yongning Na: / t / ≠ / ʈ /;
combines with rhymes /ɻ/
and /v̩ /.
Hypotheses:
/v/: weak friction;
/ɻ/: approximant, not /ə˞/;
diphthongisation
‘fist’
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纳西语西部方言的/v̩/：有更明显的磨擦现象，而东部方言没有那么明显的摩擦。
使用的是同一个符号，但语音现象有区别。
Comparison with /v̩/ in a Western Naxi dialect (AS)
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4. 结论：声学分析能有什么样的帮助？
4.1. 数码时代的调查：
调查者能够得到大量的录音资料。
→ 如何发表录音资料？
→ 语音学领域的新观察视角与新的要求
4. Conclusions about the use of acoustic data
4.1. Practical perspective: Acoustics in the digital era
Fieldwork yields abundant recordings
→ How to publish the recorded data?
→ New perspective on fieldwork, new requirements
4.2. “全时音系学“(‘panchronic phonology’: Haudricourt):
联系起共时角度与历时角度
4.2. Relevance in a panchronic perspective
diachrony
structural
diachrony
synchrony
dynamic
synchrony
panchronic phonology
Many thanks to / 非常感谢：
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•
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the organisers of PCC 2008.
the Academy of Social Sciences 中央社会科学院民族研究所 (Pr. Huang Xing 黄行所长)
for the invitation to conduct research in the People’s Republic of China.
the language consultants for their hospitality and friendship,
and Latami Dashi 拉他咪·达石 for his help with fieldwork in Yongning.
Ekaterina Chirkova (齐卡佳), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, head of a 4-year
research project (2008-2011) allowing the first author to conduct regular fieldwork.