Plagiarism
ARE YOU STEALING
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY?
What is plagiarism?
 Meanings of “Plagiarize” to steal and pass off (the ideas or word of another)
as one’s own.[1]
 Following all are consider as plagiarism :[1]
 Turning Someone else work as our own.
 Changing word but copying the sentence structure of a source.
 Copying other’s source code or design without permission of the owner of the
source.
Introduction
 The term “plagiarize” is defined as to take (ideas, documents, code, image, etc.)
from another and pass them off as one's own without citation.
 The word plagiarism derived from a Latin word plagiare, which means to
kidnap or adduct.[2]
Plagiarism can be occur in the form :
 Plagiarism in document.
 Plagiarism in code.
 Plagiarism in algorithm.
 Plagiarism in design.
 A plagiarized document detection plays important roles in many applications, such as
file management, copyright protection, and plagiarism prevention.
 Today there are various tools available for detecting plagiarism. Some of the tools are
listed below.
 DocCop
 Plagium
 EVE2
 WCopyFind
So plagiarism is a global problem, which occurs in many different areas of our
life. There are many different forms of plagiarism, Plagiarism at schools can be a
highly de-motivating factor for teachers and also for students.
Type Of Plagiarism
 There are mainly four different type of plagiarism.[3]
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Direct Plagiarism.
Self Plagiarism.
Mosaic Plagiarism.
Accidental Plagiarism.
 Direct Plagiarism :[3]
Direct plagiarism means a word to word copy form source document
without changing the words with synonymous word or without changing structure
of the sentences.
Direct plagiarism means just copy the content from the source and paste
the content to the destination document and give it to our own name.
 Self Plagiarism :[3]
Self-plagiarism occurs when a student submits his or her own previous
work, or mixes parts of previous works, without permission from all professors
involved.
Example :
If a student submit a project to the faculty which was developed by him
earlier under the guidance of other professor.
 Mosaic Plagiarism :[3]
In this type of plagiarism someone copy the content from source and paste
it in his document but with changing the word and phrase with its synonymous
word and phrase or by just changing the sequence of the sentences.
But the original idea was copied from other’s work this type of plagiarism
is called mosaic plagiarism.
 Accidental Plagiarism :[3]
The accidental plagiarism occur a documents sentences or block of
sentences match with other document but originally this document was not copied
from the matched document.
Lack of intent does not absolve the student of responsibility for
plagiarism. Cases of accidental plagiarism are taken as seriously as any other
plagiarism and are subject to the same range of consequences as other types of
plagiarism.
Various Method to Detect Plagiarism
 There are various type of plagiarism detection method
previous diagram and this includes [4]
 Stylometry Analysis.
 Web searching
 Document Comparison
This all methods are described in the following section.
as shown in the
 Stylometry Analysis[4]
 In some cases the original documents may not be available.
For
example, when someone copies some content from a book which is not in
a digital format, or when someone else do some work for a student
assignment. In this case all plagiarism detection methods that are based
on documents comparison are not useful. This problem motivated some
researchers to introduce new methods that do not depend on a reference
collection.
 The intuition behind this class of methods is based on the presumption that
every author has a unique style of writing; if this style has changed along with
several successive sentences or paragraphs then the document is considered as
plagiarized.
 Document Comparison [4]
 The major goal of any plagiarism detection system is to highlight copyright
violations.
 A violation can occur when a fragment of text of whatever size and distribution
is duplicated between two or. more documents belonging to different authors.
 This type of method require a collection of document in the database to which
the document is compare.
 This section briefly discusses methods for both semantic and syntactic
Plagiarism detection.
 Semantic-Based Detection[4]
 Most copy detection system can only compare syntactically similar words and
sentences, thus if the copied materials are modified considerably it is difficult to
detect plagiarism in such systems. The modification can range from replacing
words by their synonyms, to introducing the same concept under different
semantics.
 This type of detection method requires deeply analysis of the sentences and so
it requires more time than later one.
 Semantic based detection method is complex and it can be used to detect
plagiarism in document which replace the word with its synonymous ,deleting
the word or word insertion from the original document.
 Syntactic based detection method.[4]
 Unlike semantic-based, syntactic-based methods do not consider the meaning
of words, phrases, or sentence. Thus the two words “exactly” and “equally” are
considered different. This is of course a major limitation of these methods in
detecting some kinds of plagiarism. Nevertheless they can provide significant
speedup gain comparing to semantic-based methods especially for large data sets
since the comparison does not involve deeper analysis of the structure and/or the
semantics of terms.
 Web based plagiarism detection method[4]
 The web base plagiarism detection method use search engine API and this can
be achieved by various available tool for detecting the plagiarism.
 In this method we have to just input the document we want to check and wait
until the result is calculated.
 This Method checks document to various source document from various web
sites and find how much our document is plagiarized.
 This type of detection method requires internet connection to the computer.
Comparison of plagiarism Detection method
Web searching
Doc. comparison
Stylometry Analysis
Compare query document
with
other
source
document from various
source using internet
connection.
Compare query document
with other source document
stored in the database in same
computer.
Presumption that every
author has a unique style of
wring. If this style has
changed along with several
successive sentences then
doc. Is considered as
plagiarized.
Internet Connection. Required.
Not required.
Not required.
Source Document in Required.
digital form.
Required.
Not required.
How does it work?
Use.
Mostly this method is Mostly used by author and Rarely used.
used.
publisher.
Document Comparison
Semantic based.
Syntactic based.
This method is used to compare document This method is used to compare document
based on semantic (meaning) of each word.
based on syntax of sentences.
Require deep analysis of each sentence.
Not require deep analysis of each sentence.
Require more time to process a document.
Require less time to compare document.
Used for accurate detection and with small Used for large size document.
document size.
Document Preprocessing
 A document has to go through several steps before it can be involved in any
comparison. Some of these steps are crucial for measuring the overlap between
documents. Pre-processing documents is an essential stage before measuring
their similarities. Main steps involve tokenization, stop-word removal, and
stemming.
 This various step are briefly explained in following section.
 Tokenization[5]
The first step in preprocessing is to parse or clean a document by removing irrelevant
information, such as punctuation and numbers, remove capitalization and additional
spaces. In general a token is a unit of a document that may be used by a system. For Web
documents it is important to remove document markup such as HTML tags, java script
functions, etc. before the documents compared.
 Stop-word Removal[5]
Stop-words such as “the”, “of” “and”, etc., indicate the structure of a sentence
and the relationships between the concepts presented but do not have any
meaning on their own and can be safely removed without effecting the accuracy
of measuring how similar two documents is.
 Document Chunking[5]
A procedure of breaking a given document into smaller units (tokens) is called
chunking. The chunking procedure is an important issue in any copy detection
system since this procedure will influence the accuracy of the system as well as
its performance
Operational Framework of Plagiarism
Detection Method.
 The operational framework is divided in the two phases
 Phase 1: Corporal Plagiarism Detection.
 Phase 2: Web Based Plagiarism Detection.
 Initial Study and Literature Review
This is the first step in plagiarism detection technique and this step
includes an initial study of the document being submitted by the person who
wants to check document.
 Corpus preparation
The various document are collected of various field like bioinformatics,
software engineering, networking, artificial intelligence and soft computing, and
engineering informatics in database to match with query document.
 Document Preprocessing.
In this step various redundant information are remove by
tokenization, stop word removal and steaming to speeding up the operation.
Applying Plagiarism Detection Techniques
Two Approach used :
(1) Semantic Relatedness
(2) N-grams
 N-gram Approach Example :
 Web document retrieval :
This is the starting of the second phase and this step check the document
to online source document through internet.
 Decision And Conclusion :
Based on the result of the phase1 and phase2 the decision has been made
whether document is plagiarized or not.
Various tool for detecting plagiarism
 DocCop :[6]
This is one of the most simple and basic tools. The tool chunks the query
document into N-grams (consecutive words of length N) and then uses the grams
as queries. It then measures the degree of plagiarism by the percentage of queries
with non-empty response from the search engines divided by the number of all
queries.
 Eve2 – Essay Verification Engine [6]
Eve2 is a windows based system, installed on individual workstations. It is
not easily installed on servers. Papers are submitted by cutting and pasting plain
text, Microsoft Word, or Word Perfect documents into a text box. The program
then searches internet resources for matching text.
 Reports are provided within a few minutes, highlighting suspect text, and
indicating the percentage of the paper that is plagiarized. Eve2 is available
through individual or site licenses. Downloads are free for 15 days, with the cost
of an individual license being $US19.99. Each user must purchase an individual
license. The software must only be used by the lecturer who owns the license: it
cannot be used by a lecturer from another class to check their students’
assignments.
CopyCatchGold[6]
Copy Catch Gold is stand-alone desktop software which can be either
installed on a single PC or on a network. It detects collusion between students
by checking similarities between words and phrases within work submitted by
one group of students. The program allows the lecturer to set due dates for
assignments, after which no papers can be submitted. Results, which are
password controlled, are available after this due date.
Algorithm used for plagiarism detection
method.
AlgorithmPlagDet.doc
References
(1) http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-plagiarism
(2) http://m.timesofindia.com/home/stoi/whats-the-origin-of-the-wordplagiarism/articleshow/1519035.cms
(3) http://www.abacus.bates.edu/cbb/quiz/intro/types.html
(4) http://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org/wiki/plagiarism_detection
(5) http://www.cases.hku.hk/plagiarism/introduction.htm
(6) http://www.teach-nology.com/highered/plagiarism/detecting/software
(7) http://www.lib.usm.edu/legacy/plag/whatisplag.php
(8) http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/prevention
(9) http://www.wpacouncil.org/positions/WPAplagiarism.pdf
(10) http://www.smallseotools.com/plagiarism-checker/
(11) http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/prevention
(12) http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded/luton.pdf
(13) http://www.www2003.org/cdrom/papers/poster/p186/p186-Pataki.html
(14) http://www.Bowdoin.edu/studentaffairs/academichonesty/commontypes.html
(15) http://www.mnemonicdictonary.com/word/plagiarize
(16)
http://www.ics.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/assessment/plagiarism/research_printe
d.html
(17) http://www.doingdigitalhistory.wordpress.com/2010/02/06/diy-plagiarismdetection/
(18) http://www.writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/plagiarism/How to avoid it
(19) https://www.wctc.edu/current-students/library/plagiarism.php
(20) http://www.elearningindustry.com/top-10-free-plagiarism-detection-toolsfor-teachers