Plagiarism
Avoid it like the Plague!
Dr. Lawrence J. Marks
Kent State University
Department of Marketing
http://www.personal.kent.edu/~lmarks/ethics/Plagiarism.ppt
Your Cheating Heart…
According to KSU’s “Administrative policy
regarding student cheating and plagiarism”
(Policy 3-01.8):
"Cheat" means intentionally to misrepresent the
source, nature, or other conditions of academic
work so as to accrue undeserved credit, or to
cooperate with someone else in such
misrepresentation. Such misrepresentations
may, but need not necessarily, involve the work
of others.
2
Cheating Examples Include (but
are not limited to):
(a) Obtaining or retaining partial or whole copies of examination, tests
or quizzes before these are distributed for student use;
(b) Using notes, textbooks or other information in examinations, tests
and quizzes, except as expressly permitted;
(c) Obtaining confidential information about examinations, tests or
quizzes other than that released by the instructor;
(d) Securing, giving or exchanging information during examinations;
(e) Presenting data or other material gathered by another person or
group as one's own;
(f) Falsifying experimental data or information;
3
Cheating Examples Include:
(g) Having another person take one's place for any academic
performance without the specific knowledge and permission of the
instructor;
(h) Cooperating with another to do one or more of the above; and
(i) Using a substantial portion of a piece of work previously submitted
for another course or program to meet the requirements of the
present course or program without notifying the instructor to whom
the work is presented.
(j) Presenting falsified information in order to postpone or avoid
examinations, tests, quizzes, or other academic work.
4
…and "Plagiarize"
"Plagiarize" means to take and present as
one's own a material portion of the ideas
or words of another or to present as one's
own an idea or work derived from an
existing source without full and proper
credit to the source of the ideas, words, or
works.
5
All of the following are considered
plagiarism:
• turning in someone else's work as your own
• copying words or ideas from someone else without
giving credit
• failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
• giving incorrect information about the source of a
quotation
• changing words but copying the sentence structure of a
source without giving credit
• copying so many words or ideas from a source that it
makes up the majority of your work, whether you give
credit or not (see our section on "fair use" rules)
Source: http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-plagiarism
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Cheating and Plagiarism are
Common
“Not only is cheating significantly up…, Mr.
McCabe has found, but many students do not
consider it a big deal, saying it was just a
modern fact of life. His [2003] study…of 16,000
undergraduates at 23 colleges and universities
found that 38 percent had taken material from
the Internet and passed it off as their own. Fortyfour percent of all the students surveyed said it
was no big deal. In a 2000 survey only 10
percent of students admitted to Internet
cheating.”
Source: The New York Times, October 4, 2003, Section B; Column
5, page 7
7
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY IN COLLEGE AND GRADUATE
SCHOOL
A survey of over 63,700 US undergraduate and 9,250 graduate
students…revealed the following:
• 36% of undergraduates and 24% of graduate students admit to
“paraphrasing/copying few sentences from an Internet source
without footnoting it.”
• 38% of undergraduates and 25% of graduate students admit to
“paraphrasing/copying few sentences from a written source without
footnoting it.”
• 14% of undergraduate students and 7% of graduate students admit
to “fabricating/falsifying a bibliography”
• 7% of undergraduate students and 4% of graduate students self
report copying materials “almost word for word from a written source
without citation.”
• 7% undergraduate students and 3% of graduate students self report
“turning in work done by another.”
• 3% undergraduate students and 2% of graduate students self report
“obtaining paper from term paper mill.”
AND THESE NUMBERS ARE LIKELY LOW COUNTS!
8
Source: http://www.plagiarism.org/resources/facts-and-stats and http://ojs.ml.unisa.edu.au/index.php/IJEI/article/view/14
Our View: Plagiarizers should learn now,
Written by DKS
EditorsThursday, 06 September 2012
•
•
•
•
As professors introduced us to their classes last week, many of us casually
flipped through the syllabi while they brushed over the university’s academic
honesty policy that they’re required to include. In a digital age that makes
plagiarism so easy, they expect us to understand the consequences.
Unfortunately, a lot of students don’t. Plagiarism is more than copying
word-for-word; the crime includes using similar sentence structure or
misusing citations — rules that many students have forgotten or may
have never learned.
Through its new plagiarism school, the university is giving those students a
second chance, and we applaud the initiative. If a student truly doesn’t
understand what he or she did wrong, that student should have the
opportunity to learn. On the second offense, full punishment is fair game.
We don’t wish to minimize the seriousness of plagiarism; it’s a crime that
has ruined careers of journalists who have tainted the integrity of the field.
But those who don’t understand their misconduct should learn the rules in
an academic setting — before the consequences cost them their career.
–
The above editorial is the consensus opinion of the Daily Kent Stater editorial board.
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Read more at: http://kentwired.com/our-view-plagiarizers-should-learn-now/
If it is so common, why avoid it?
A. It is WRONG and may be ILLEGAL as well,
and
B. The penalties for cheating and plagiarism can
be severe. At KSU, an instructor can:
(i) Refuse to accept the work for credit; or
(ii) Assign a grade of "F" or zero for the project,
test, paper, examination or other work in which
the cheating or plagiarism took place; or
(iii) Assign a grade of "F" for the course in which
the cheating or plagiarism took place; and/or;
(iv) Recommend further action be taken
[including dismissal, suspension, and probation]
Source:http://www.kent.edu/policyreg/policydetails.cfm?customel_datapageid_1976529=2037779
…at work, you could lose your job!
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Types of plagiarism
The 10 most common types of plagiarism, in order of severity of intent.
#1. CLONE -- Submitting someone else’s work, word-for-word, as your
own.
#2. CTRL-C -- Contains significant portions of text from a single source
without alterations.
#3. FIND – REPLACE -- Changing key words and phrases but
retaining the essential content of the source.
#4. REMIX -- Paraphrases from multiple sources, made to fit together.
#5. RECYCLE -- Borrows generously from the writer’s previous work
without citation.
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http://plagiarism.org/learning_center/types_of_plagiarism.html
Types of plagiarism
The 10 most common types of plagiarism, in order of severity of intent.
#6. HYBRID -- Combines perfectly cited sources with copied passages
without citation.
#7. MASHUP -- Mixes copied material from multiple sources.
#8. 404 ERROR -- Includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate
information about sources.
#9. AGGREGATOR -- Includes proper citation to sources but the paper
contains almost no original work.
#10. RE-TWEET -- Includes proper citation, but relies too closely on the
text’s original wording and/or structure
http://plagiarism.org/learning_center/types_of_plagiarism.html and turnitin’s White Paper “The Plagiarism
Spectrum”
12
Avoiding Plagiarism
• Make sure you understand the
expectations clear
– What IS plagiarism?
– Why is it “bad?”
– What are the penalties for it?
• Check your syllabus
13
Avoiding Plagiarism
Techniques for Avoiding Plagiarism
• In academic writing you must show that you have read and
understood the recommended books and any other relevant reading
BUT not by copying what they say. The ideas are owned by the
writer. Copying in a way that makes the ideas appear to be your own
is plagiarism.
• There are two things you can do to avoid being accused of
plagiarism:
• Technique 1: Paraphrasing (re-writing in your own words)
Technique 2: Follow the rules when copying directly from a
text or any other source (e.g., the internet).
Used with permission from http://www4.caes.hku.hk/plagiarism/techniques.htm
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Avoiding Plagiarism
Technique 1: Paraphrasing (re-writing in your own words)
•
•
Books and articles should be used as a source of information from which
you write, in your own words, what you believe are the important points.
You must acknowledge your sources of information (see below). In the parts
of your writing that rely on source texts for information, paraphrasing should
be used the most.
As well as stating the important points you should also explain the points,
compare and contrast the views of different authors you have read, and add
your own comments on the topic under discussion.
–
–
–
By doing these things you go beyond merely repeating the information which you have
found. This is what makes a good assignment.
Repeating information shows only that the information has been read and possibly
memorized.
The addition of explanations, comparisons, contrasts and comments is better because it
shows that the information has been read, analyzed and understood. A teacher who is
marking an assignment is sure to give higher marks for such a display of knowledge and
understanding.
Used with permission from http://www4.caes.hku.hk/plagiarism/Techniques_1.htm
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Avoiding Plagiarism
Technique 2: Follow the rules when copying directly from a text
•
•
•
•
•
There are times when you can quote directly from your source material. However,
you must follow certain rules.
Direct copying of part of a passage (e.g. a whole paragraph) must occur rarely in your
writing and once copied should not represent a large proportion of your own text. It
should be clearly distinguished from the rest of your text in a way which makes it
clear that it is a quotation.
Very short parts of a source text (e.g. part of a sentence) can be copied when
needed. However, the words that you have copied must be immediately obvious to
your reader. You must also take care not to change any of the words.
The exact source of your quotation must be acknowledged. This must be done in a
way which shows clearly how much is copied (see following).
Examples of when you might want to copy directly are:
– when the exact words are relevant to your argument/discussion
– when something is expressed in a way which is unique
– when re-writing would cause a loss of impact
Used with permission from http://www4.caes.hku.hk/plagiarism/Techniques_2.htm
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Avoiding Plagiarism
Showing What is Copied:
“To avoid accusations of plagiarism you must show exactly which parts of
your writing have been copied from other texts. You must, therefore, mark
the beginning and ending of the quotation.” (Gardner 1994, p. 108)
OR
For longer passages, you can INDENT the sentences or
paragraph to offset them from the rest of your original work.
(Gardner 1994, p. 108)
Used with permission from http://www4.caes.hku.hk/plagiarism/Techniques_2.htm
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Avoiding Plagiarism
Acknowledging Your Source
“There are different methods for acknowledging sources. Ask your teacher
which method is preferred. If this is not possible, use the method which you
see most often in the materials that you are reading for your study. Once
you have chosen a method it is important to remain consistent.
• Using footnotes or endnotes
–
•
Place a small number (usually slightly higher than the word it follows) in the text and list your
sources by number either at the foot of the page or the end of the text. The numbers must
run consecutively through the text.
Reference in the text
–
In the text you acknowledge a source by giving the author's family name and the date of
publication. Readers can then check this in a references list at the end of your writing which
contains the full publication information.
Used with permission from http://www4.caes.hku.hk/plagiarism/acknowledging.htm
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Avoiding Plagiarism
Acknowledging Your Source
Reference using the “in-the-text” example:
Provide the author and the date (and or page) in your writing:
Gardner (1994) says that what turns good teaching material into good
learning material is what teachers do with it.
Then, an item in the reference list at the end of your writing:
References:
Gardner, D. 1994 'Creating simple interactive video for self-access' in D.
Gardner. and L. Miller (Eds.) Directions in Self-Access Language Learning.
Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press
Used with permission from http://www4.caes.hku.hk/plagiarism/acknowledging.htm
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What about “common knowledge?”
Common knowledge includes facts that can be found in numerous
places and are likely to be known by a lot of people.
• Example 1: The earth is round.
• Example 2: John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United
States in 1960.
• This is generally known information.
• You do not need to document these facts.
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What about “common knowledge?”
However, you must document facts that are not generally
known and ideas that interpret facts.
• Example 1: There are 57,491,000 square miles of land on the
Earth, which is 36,794,240,000 acres.
– This factual knowledge is most certainly not commonly known. You got this
information from some specific source and you must cite that source (e.g.,
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_many_acres_of_land_does_Earth_have)
• Example 2: According the American Family Leave Coalition’s new
book, Family Issues and Congress, President Bush’s relationship
with Congress has hindered family leave legislation (6).
– The idea that “Bush’s relationship with Congress has hindered family leave
legislation” is not a fact but an interpretation based on someone else’s
assessment; consequently, you need to cite your source.
21
Citation Style Examples
• APA Citation Style Examples:
http://www.library.cornell.edu/node/147
• Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
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APA Citation Style
Works by multiple authors
When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference
occurs in the text. In parenthetical material join the names with an
ampersand (&): ….as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 1998)
In the narrative text, join the names with the word "and:“ …. as Leiter and
Maslach (1998) demonstrated
When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the
reference occurs: ….Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found
In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first
author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the year of
publication: …Kahneman et al. (1991) found
23
Read more at: http://www.library.cornell.edu/node/147
APA Citation Style
Works by associations, corporations, government
agencies, etc.
•
•
The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually
written out each time they appear in a text reference: ,,,(National Institute of
Mental Health [NIMH], 2007)
When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in
the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The general
rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the
text citation for a reader to locate its source in the Reference List without
difficulty: …(NIMH, 2007)
24
Read more at: http://www.library.cornell.edu/node/147
APA Citation Style
Works with no author
•
•
When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's
title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each
word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a
book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical,
brochure, or report: ….on climate change ("Climate and Weather," 1997)
or ……Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (1981)
Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the
date: …on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)
25
Read more at: http://www.library.cornell.edu/node/147
APA Citation Style
Specific parts of a source
•
To cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include
the page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation:
…(Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96)
or
De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem to be
reaching ... from the hands of philosophers" (p. 218).
•
If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as Web-based
journals), provide the paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation
"para." or the heading and following paragraph: …(Mönnich & Spiering,
2008, para. 9)
26
Read more at: http://www.library.cornell.edu/node/147
APA Citation Style
Reference List: References cited in the text of a research paper must appear
in a Reference List or bibliography. This list provides the information
necessary to identify and retrieve each source.
Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names.
Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same
list.
Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work.
Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple
authors of a single work. e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.
Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names
that are part of a title.
Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of
articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially
newspapers. These abbreviations are also used to designate pages in
encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.
Indentation*: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all
subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".
Underlining vs. Italics*: It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for
titles of books and journals.
27
Read more at: http://www.library.cornell.edu/node/147
APA Citation Style
•
Reference Examples: http://www.library.cornell.edu/node/147
28
Read more at: http://www.library.cornell.edu/node/147
Citation/style guides available online
The Chicago Manual of Style Online. 16th ed. | Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide
Citation Management Help: Maintained by the Documentation Committee. Includes
citation examples in MLA style and APA style as well a link to The Chicago Manual
of Style and the Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide.
Duke University Libraries' Documentation page: shows APA, Chicago, MLA,
Turabian, and CSE examples side by side
Quick Style Guide for Students Writing Sociology Papers: from the American
Sociological Association
Citing References to Documents Found in LexisNexis
Sample MLA, APA, and Chicago citations are shown for document types found in
LexisNexis databases.
Citing Records in the National Archives of the United States.
Citation styles in the life and physical sciences:
American Chemical Society (ACS) style: from the Williams College Library
Council of Biology Editors (CBE)/Council of Science Editors (CSE) style: from the
University of North Carolina Libraries
Source: Olin & Uris Libraries, Cornell University -- http://olinuris.library.cornell.edu/ref/bibcitations.html
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KSU Library Citation Tools Page
http://libguides.library.kent.edu/content.php?pid=357387&sid=2945734
KSU Library APA Style Resources
http://libguides.library.kent.edu/content.php?pid=357387&sid=2932715
APA Cheat Sheet
• This is a basic APA handout that gives examples of books, articles and web
resources. It has been updated to reflect the changes of the 6th edition.
APA Libguide
• This LibGuide provides information on how to create citations in APA format.
Explanations are provided along with examples.
APA Style
• From the American Psychological Association. This site is a guide to the revised and
updated sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association. This link goes directly to frequently asked questions about APA citations
and style.
APA Style-Including 2007 Electronic References
• From Northern Michigan University, this site provides examples of APA citations,
including citations of electronic materials using the newly revised APA style
guidelines.
APA Tutorial
• Tutorial introducing APA style from the University of Southern Mississippi Libraries.
Includes information on formatting your paper, doing parenthetical or in-text
references and creating a reference list.
Do’s and Don’ts for Students
Source:
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/technotes/workshops/talkingplagy.htm
• Don'ts
Don't cheat.
Don't lie.
Don't steal.
Don't misrepresent others work as yours.
Don't go to online and off line sources where term
papers can be commissioned or bought or borrowed for
<wink>research purposes only</wink>.
Don't make up fake sources.
Don't make up fake quotes.
Don't make up fake interviews.
31
Do’s and Don’ts for Students
Source:
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/technotes/workshops/talkingplagy.htm
• Don'ts
Don't think that by copying something over and changing
every couple of words that you've put it in your own
words.
Don't think that because something is on the Net it
doesn't need to be cited.
Don't think that because a lot of textbooks and other
printed matter you read don't site sources that you don't
have to cite them either.
Don't think that because politicians have speech writers
and actors have script writers who often go
unacknowledged that you can get a writer to "secretary"
your paper for you; rules that apply in other settings are
different here, where the purpose is for you to do the
writing.
32
Do’s and Don’ts for Students
Source:
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/technotes/workshops/talkingplagy.htm
• Don'ts
Don't go to the library, find a book that hasn't been
checked out often, then find a source in its bibliography,
and then copy that source into a paper as yours.
Don't procrastinate on assignments and homework so
that you end up under too much deadline pressure and
become tempted to take shortcuts.
Don't be afraid to come see me if you feel overwhelmed,
unsure, fear missing a deadline, or start falling behind.
Don't try to get around any of these Don'ts by working so
hard to disguise them that you might as well have just
done the Do's.
33
Do’s and Don’ts for Students
Source:
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/technotes/workshops/talkingplagy.htm
• Do’s
Do share ideas with one another.
Do help one another write.
Do edit and rewrite sections of one another's papers
from time to time; writers do that kind of thing all the
time, and editors do it with them.
Do expect to make mistakes managing and citing
sources.
Do expect to correct them.
Do take care in downloading sources and taking notes.
Do find a way to use sources wisely and fairly.
Do learn the myriad rhetorical purposes that including
and citing sources can serve.
34
Do’s and Don’ts for Students
Source:
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/technotes/workshops/talkingplagy.htm
• Do’s
Do use the word processor to help you manage sources
(for example, put sources you're quoting or paraphrasing
in a different font and font color until the final draft so you
don't accidentally forget they came from some other
writer).
Do have fun with sources, think of using them as weaving,
building, playing with blocks, or any other metaphor that
you associate with "taking what's at hand and making
something of it."
Do write before, while, and after you research, but
especially before. Do discover an argument so you have a
distinctive voice in your own essay, and aren't
overwhelmed and intimidated by sources.
Do come see me whenever you have a question about the
course, are feeling overwhelmed, or unhappy with an
assignment or your work; we can talk and find a way to 35
make things work.
Detecting Plagiarism
If a professor suspects a student has
plagiarized, it is easy enough to check on it.
Profs can paste a suspect sentence into one of
the search engines below. This will catch most
papers downloaded off of the web.
• http://www.google.com/
– And/or Google Scholar
• http://www.metacrawler.com/
Source: http://www.canadacollege.edu/inside/acad_integrity/HowtoPreventPlagiarsm.pdf
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Detecting Plagiarism
Inexpensive Software to detect plagiarism:
EVE Plagiarism Detection System
http://www.canexus.com/
WriteCheck – Plagiarism check, grammar check, & Tutoring
https://www.writecheck.com/static/home.html
Freeware Software to detect plagiarism:
WCopyfind
http://plagiarism.phys.virginia.edu/Wsoftware.html
KSU has a program called Safe Assign on Blackboard. Your professor may
give you access to that.
37
Cheating and Plagiarism
MY experiences and actions:
– Undergraduate exam cheating
• Number exams, number scantron sheets, create
two versions, intermix the versions, require
students to show ID to obtain exam, check the
name off of a class list of names
• Have students sit in a random seat and remove
ALL objects from the desktop
38
Cheating and Plagiarism
MY experiences and actions:
– Undergraduate and MBA students “sharing”
their work (to the extent that one is virtually
copied from the other)
• Highlight the identical wording (after making sure
that it is not, for example, copied from a common
source like the textbook)
• Bring the students in and listen to their explanation
• Do something like assign the grade and then
divide it by two (for example)
39
Cheating and Plagiarism
MY experiences and actions:
– Doctoral student plagiarized a paper from on
line
– Doctoral student making up data for an
experiment
– Doctoral students failing to use adequate
and/or proper citations in their research
papers
40
Cheating, Plagiarism, and YOU
• UNDERSTAND IT
• DON’T DO IT!!!!!!!!!!!!
• BE SURE OTHERS DON’T DO IT
EITHER
41
Resources
•
For an excellent review of the topic, browse
http://ec.hku.hk/plagiarism/introduction.htm
• A good “summary” site
http://www.montclair.edu/library/a-z-directory/faculty-guide-tostudent-plagiarism/
• Other:
http://www.edu-cyberpg.com/Teachers/plagiarism.html
http://plagiarism.phys.virginia.edu/
http://www.kent.edu/writingcommons/resources/upload/plagiarism.p
df
http://www.kent.edu/academics/resources/plagiarism/index.cfm
http://libguides.library.kent.edu/plagiarism
http://www.kent.edu/writingcommons/index.cfm
42
References
• Canada Academic integrity Committee, “Tips for
Preventing Plagiarism,” 8/13/04,
http://www.canadacollege.edu/inside/acad_integ
rity/HowtoPreventPlagiarsm.pdf
• Carbone, Nick, New Media Consultant
Bedford/St. Martin's, “Talking About Plagiarism:
A Syllabus Strategy for Talking About Plagiarism
with Students
• EVE Plagiarism Detection System;
http://www.canexus.com/
43
References
• Gross Davis, Barbara, “Tools for Teaching”,
http://teaching.berkeley.edu/bgd/prevent.html
• http://plagiarism.org/learning_center/what_is_pla
giarism.html; Document provided by
Turnitin.com and Research Resources. Turnitin
allows free distribution and non-profit use of this
document in educational settings.
• http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/technotes/work
shops/talkingplagy.htm
• Kent State University Policy Register,
http://www.kent.edu/policyreg/
44
References
• The New York Times
• U.S. News and World Report
• WCopyfind;
http://plagiarism.phys.virginia.edu/Wsoftwa
re.html
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